{"id":9043,"date":"2025-07-07T14:33:55","date_gmt":"2025-07-07T14:33:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/?p=9043"},"modified":"2025-08-25T07:06:01","modified_gmt":"2025-08-25T07:06:01","slug":"%ed%95%84%eb%a6%ac%ed%95%80-%ed%95%b4%ec%95%88-%ec%a7%80%ec%97%ad%ec%9d%98-%ec%83%9d%ea%b3%84%eb%8a%94-%ea%b3%b5%ec%a0%95%ed%95%9c-%ec%a0%84%ed%99%98%ec%9d%b4-%ed%95%84%ec%9a%94%ed%95%98%eb%8b%a4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/?p=9043","title":{"rendered":"\ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \ud574\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uc0dd\uacc4\ub294 \uacf5\uc815\ud55c \uc804\ud658\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><div id=\"tdi_1\" class=\"tdc-row\"><div class=\"vc_row tdi_2  wpb_row td-pb-row\" >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_2,\r\n                .tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }.tdi_2,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_2:before,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_2:after{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: table;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"vc_column tdi_4  wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-column td-pb-span12\">\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_4{\r\n                    vertical-align: baseline;\r\n                }.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .vc_row_inner{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t    height: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\" >[vc_acf field_group=&#8221;99&#8243; field_from_99=&#8221;field_606aa6f1c30dd&#8221; align=&#8221;right&#8221;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \ud658\uacbd \ubb38\uc81c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2025\ub144 4\uc6d4 21\uc77c \uc120\uc885\ud55c \ud504\ub780\uce58\uc2a4\ucf54 \uad50\ud669\uc740 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc5d0\uc11c \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc874\uacbd\ubc1b\ub294 \uc778\ubb3c\ub85c, \uc55e\uc73c\ub85c\ub3c4 \uc624\ub7ab\ub3d9\uc548 \uae30\uc5b5\ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 2015\ub144 1\uc6d4, \uc5f4\ub300\uc131 \ud3ed\ud48d \uba54\uce7c\ub77c(\ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uba85 \uc544\ub9dd)\uc758 \uc811\uadfc\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \ubc29\ubb38\uc744 \ucde8\uc18c\ud558\ub77c\ub294 \uad8c\uace0\ub97c \ubc1b\uc558\uc74c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0, \ub808\uc774\ud14c \uc8fc \ud0c0\ud074\ub85c\ubc18\uc5d0\uc11c \ubbf8\uc0ac\ub97c \uc9d1\uc804\ud588\ub358 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \ubbf8\uc0ac\ub294 2013\ub144 \uc288\ud37c \ud0dc\ud48d \ud558\uc774\uc580(\ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uba85 \uc69c\ub780\ub2e4)\uc73c\ub85c \ud76c\uc0dd\ub41c \uc57d 6,000\uba85\uc758 \uc601\ud63c\uc744 \uae30\ub9ac\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ubd09\ud5cc\ub41c \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc774 \uc0ac\ub840\ub294 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc0ac\ud68c\uac00 \ud0dc\ud48d\uacfc \uc5f4\ub300\uc131 \ud3ed\ud48d\uc73c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ud070 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubc1b\uace0 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \ub2e8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4. German Watch\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74, 1993\ub144\ubd80\ud130 2022\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \ucd1d 372\uac74\uc758 \uadf9\ud55c \uae30\uc0c1 \ud604\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uc778\ud50c\ub808\uc774\uc158\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud55c \uc57d 340\uc5b5 \ub2ec\ub7ec\uc758 \ud53c\ud574\ub97c \uc785\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uadf9\ud55c \uae30\uc0c1 \ud604\uc0c1\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \uac00\uc7a5 \ub9ce\uc774 \ubc1b\ub294 \uad6d\uac00 \uc21c\uc704\uc5d0\uc11c 10\uc704\ub97c \uae30\ub85d\ud588\ub2e4(German Watch, 2025). \uc0c1\uc704 4\uac1c\uad6d\uc740 \ub3c4\ubbf8\ub2c8\uce74\uacf5\ud654\uad6d, \uc911\uad6d, \uc628\ub450\ub77c\uc2a4, \ubbf8\uc580\ub9c8\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uadf9\ud55c \uae30\uc0c1 \ud604\uc0c1\uc5d0\ub294 \uac00\ubb44, \ud64d\uc218, \ud3ed\uc5fc, \ud3ed\ud48d, \uc0b0\ubd88 \ub4f1\uc774 \ud3ec\ud568\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">German Watch\ub294 \ub610\ud55c IPCC \uc81c6\ucc28 \ud3c9\uac00\ubcf4\uace0\uc11c\ub97c \uc778\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec \u201c3~5\ub4f1\uae09\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud558\ub294 \uc5f4\ub300\uc131 \uc800\uae30\uc555(\ud0dc\ud48d)\uc758 \ubc1c\uc0dd \ube44\uc728\uacfc \u2018\uae09\uc18d \uac15\ud654\u2019 \ud604\uc0c1\uc758 \ube48\ub3c4\uac00 \uc9c0\ub09c 40\ub144\uac04 \uc804 \uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc99d\uac00\ud588\uc744 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc774 \ub192\ub2e4\u201d\uace0 \ubc1d\ud614\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uae30\ud6c4 \ubcc0\ud654\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \ubc14\ub78c\uc774 \ub354 \uac15\ud574\uc9c0\uace0, \ud574\uc218\uba74 \uc628\ub3c4\uc640 \ub300\uae30 \uc628\ub3c4\uac00 \uc0c1\uc2b9\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uacf5\uae30 \uc911 \uc218\uc99d\uae30\ub7c9\uc774 \uc99d\uac00\ud574 \ud3ed\uc6b0\uac00 \ube48\ubc88\ud574\uc9c0\ub294 \ub4f1, \ud0dc\ud48d\uc758 \uc704\ub825\uacfc \ubc1c\uc0dd \ube48\ub3c4\uac00 \ubaa8\ub450 \ucee4\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc744 \uc2dc\uc0ac\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc774 \uae00\uc740 \ub3d9\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\ub3c4\ub124\uc2dc\uc544\uc5d0 \uc774\uc5b4 \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8\ub85c \uc778\uad6c\uac00 \ub9ce\uc740 \uad6d\uac00\uc778 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \ud574\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0dd\uacc4\uc5d0 \ucd08\uc810\uc744 \ub9de\ucd98\ub2e4. \uc778\ub3c4\ub124\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \uc778\uad6c\ub294 \uc57d 2\uc5b5 8,400\ub9cc \uba85, \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uc57d 1\uc5b5 1,400\ub9cc \uba85\uc774\uba70, \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc778\uad6c\uc758 \uc57d 60%\ub294 \uc800\uc9c0\ub300 \ud574\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0 \uac70\uc8fc\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4 \ud574\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\ub294 \ud0dc\ud48d\uacfc \ud3ed\ud48d \uc678\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ud64d\uc218, \uc5fc\uc218 \uce68\ud22c, \ud574\uc548 \uce68\uc2dd, \ud574\uc218\uba74 \uc0c1\uc2b9, \uacfc\ub3c4\ud55c \uc5b4\uc5c5, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub3c4\uc2dc \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ud1a0\uc591 \uce68\ud558(\ub9c8\ub2d0\ub77c, \uc790\uce74\ub974\ud0c0, \ubc29\ucf55, \ud638\ucc0c\ubbfc \ub4f1 \ub3d9\ub0a8\uc544 \ub300\ub3c4\uc2dc\uc5d0\uc11c \uacf5\ud1b5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub098\ub294 \ud604\uc0c1) \ub4f1 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc704\ud611\uc5d0 \ub178\ucd9c\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4(Stockholm Environment Institute, 2024).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud544\uc790\ub294 2014\ub144\ubd80\ud130 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \ud574\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\ub97c \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \ud604\uc9c0 \uc870\uc0ac\ub97c \uc218\ud589\ud574 \uc654\uc73c\uba70, \ud2b9\ud788 \uc5b4\ubbfc\uacfc \ud574\ucd08 \uc591\uc2dd\uc5c5\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ud658\uacbd \ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ub300\uc751\ud558\uace0 \uc801\uc751\ud558\ub294\uc9c0, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uad00\ub828 \uc815\ucc45\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ud558\uba74 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc791\ub3d9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \uc9c4\ud589\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. \ubcf8 \uae00\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uadf8\uac04\uc758 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ud655\uc778\ud55c \uc0ac\uc2e4\ub4e4\uacfc \ud568\uaed8, \uc815\ucc45 \ubc0f \uc2e4\ucc9c \ucc28\uc6d0\uc5d0\uc11c \uace0\ub824\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \ub300\uc751 \ubc29\uc548\uc744 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uace0\uc790 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \uc0ac\ub840\ub294 \ud314\ub77c\uc644 \uc8fc\uc758 \ud574\ucd08 \uc591\uc2dd\uc5c5\uc790\uc640 \uad00\ub828\ub41c \uac83\uc774\uba70, \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 \uc0ac\ub840\ub294 \uc77c\ub85c\uc77c\ub85c \uc8fc\uc758 \uc5b4\ubbfc \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\ud314\ub77c\uc644\uc758 \ud574\ucd08 \uc591\uc2dd\uc5c5\uc790\ub4e4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \ud574\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc218\ucc9c \uac00\uad6c\uac00 \uce74\ub77c\uae30\ub09c \ud574\ucd08\u2014\ud2b9\ud788 Kappaphycus alvarezii\u2014\uc7ac\ubc30\uc5d0 \ubd80\ubd84\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0dd\uacc4\ub97c \uc758\uc874\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774 \ud574\ucd08\ub294 \uc2dd\ud488, \ud654\uc7a5\ud488, \uc758\uc57d\ud488\uc5d0 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\ub294 \uc99d\uc810\uc81c \ubc0f \uacb0\ud569\uc81c\uc778 \uce74\ub77c\uae30\ub09c\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\uc81c\ub418\uba70, \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uc778\ub3c4\ub124\uc2dc\uc544\uc5d0 \uc774\uc5b4 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8\ub85c \ud070 \uce74\ub77c\uae30\ub09c \ud574\ucd08 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uad6d\uc774\uba70, \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0 \uc774\uc5b4 \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8\ub85c \ub9ce\uc740 \uce74\ub77c\uae30\ub09c \uc218\ucd9c\uad6d\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2013\ub144\ubd80\ud130 2022\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \uce74\ub77c\uae30\ub09c \uc218\ucd9c\uc758 \uc5f0\ud3c9\uade0 \uac00\uce58\ub294 \uc57d 2\uc5b5 700\ub9cc \ub2ec\ub7ec\uc5d0 \ub2ec\ud558\uba70, \uc774\ub294 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc218\uc0b0\ubb3c \uc911 \ucc38\uce58\uc5d0 \uc774\uc5b4 \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8\ub85c \ub192\uc740 \uc218\ucd9c \uac00\uce58\ub97c \uae30\ub85d\ud55c \ud488\ubaa9\uc774\ub2e4. \uc778\ub3c4\ub124\uc2dc\uc544\ub294 \uc138\uacc4 \ucd5c\ub300 \ud574\ucd08 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uad6d\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc815\uc81c \uc5ed\ub7c9\uc774 \ubd80\uc871\ud558\uc5ec \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \ud574\ucd08\ub97c \uc911\uad6d \uc815\uc81c \uacf5\uc7a5\uc73c\ub85c \uc218\ucd9c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ubc18\uba74 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \ube44\uad50\uc801 \uc798 \uc870\uc9c1\ub41c \ud574\ucd08 \uac00\uce58 \uc0ac\uc2ac\uc744 \ubcf4\uc720\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uad6d\ub0b4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub3c4 \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud55c \uc815\uc81c \ub2a5\ub825\uc744 \uac16\ucd94\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7fc\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0, \ud574\ucd08 \uc7ac\ubc30\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud558\ub294 \ub2e4\uc218\uc758 \uac00\uad6c\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \ube48\uace4\uacfc \uc0ac\ud68c\uacbd\uc81c\uc801\u00b7\ud658\uacbd\uc801 \ucde8\uc57d\uc131\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \ud574\ucd08 \uc591\uc2dd\uc774 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \ud574\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\ub294 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \uac00\ub09c\ud55c \uacc4\uce35 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc5d0 \uc18d\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud544\uc790\ub294 \ud314\ub77c\uc644\uc8fc\ub9bd\ub300\ud558\uad50 \uc5f0\uad6c\ud300\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \ud314\ub77c\uc644 \uc12c \ubd81\ubd80 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0 \uc704\uce58\ud55c 7\uac1c \ub9c8\uc744\uc5d0\uc11c \ud574\ucd08 \uc591\uc2dd \uac00\uad6c\uc758 \uc0dd\uacc4 \ubcc0\ud654\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc870\uc0ac\ub97c \uc2e4\uc2dc\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ud314\ub77c\uc644\uc740 \ud574\ucd08 \uc591\uc2dd\uc758 \uc624\ub79c \uc804\ud1b5\uc744 \uc9c0\ub2cc \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc73c\ub85c, 2000\ub144\ubd80\ud130 2011\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud574\ucd08 \uc0dd\uc0b0\ub7c9\uc774 \uafb8\uc900\ud788 \uc99d\uac00\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc218\ubc31 \uac00\uad6c\uc758 \uc18c\ub4dd\uc774 \uc99d\ub300\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc5b4\uc5c5\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc758\uc874\ub3c4\ub3c4 \uc904\uc5b4\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 2011\ub144 \uc774\ud6c4 \uc0dd\uc0b0\ub7c9\uc740 \uc810\ucc28 \uac10\uc18c\ud558\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4. \ucd5c\uadfc\uc5d0\ub294 \ucf54\ub85c\ub09819 \ud32c\ub370\ubbf9\uacfc 2021\ub144 12\uc6d4 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud55c \uc288\ud37c \ud0dc\ud48d \ub77c\uc774(\ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uba85 \uc624\ub370\ud2b8)\uac00 \ud574\ucd08 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \ud68c\ubcf5\uc5d0 \ud070 \uac78\ub9bc\ub3cc\ub85c \uc791\uc6a9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uac1c\ubc1c\uc740\ud589(ADB)\uc740 \ucd08\uac15\ub825 \ud0dc\ud48d\uc774 \uad6d\uac00 \uc804\uccb4\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c \ud65c\ub3d9\uc744 \uc57d 3% \uac10\uc18c\uc2dc\ud0ac \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ucd94\uc815\ud55c \ubc14 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uacfc\uac70 \uc790\ub8cc\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 1990\ub144\ubd80\ud130 2020\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \ud0dc\ud48d\uc73c\ub85c \uc57d 200\uc5b5 \ub2ec\ub7ec\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc190\uc2e4\uc744 \uc785\uc740 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub2e4. \uc608\ucee8\ub300, 2024\ub144 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud55c \ud0dc\ud48d \ud06c\ub9ac\uc2a4\ud2f4\uc740 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \ub18d\uc5c5 \ubd80\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc57d 62\uc5b5 \ud398\uc18c\uc758 \ud53c\ud574\ub97c \uc785\ud78c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ucd94\uc0b0\ub41c\ub2e4(Department of Science and Technology. 2024).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9044\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9044\" style=\"width: 938px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9044\" src=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"938\" height=\"527\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01.png 938w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01-748x420.png 748w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01-150x84.png 150w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01-696x391.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 938px) 100vw, 938px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9044\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>\ud314\ub77c\uc644\uc758 \uce74\ub77c\uae30\ub09c \ud574\ucd08<\/strong><br \/>\ucd9c\ucc98: \uc800\uc790 \uc81c\uacf5<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9045\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9045\" style=\"width: 960px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9045\" src=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02.png 960w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02-420x420.png 420w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02-696x696.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9045\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>\ubd81\ubd80 \ud314\ub77c\uc644 \uc9c0\ub3c4<\/strong><br \/>\ucd9c\ucc98: \ubc30\uad11\uc6d0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ucd5c\uadfc \ud574\ucd08 \uc0dd\uc0b0\ub7c9\uc774 \ub2e4\uc18c \ud68c\ubcf5\uc138\ub97c \ubcf4\uc774\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\ub098, 2008\ub144\ubd80\ud130 2011\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0\uc758 \ud669\uae08\uae30 \uc218\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \ud68c\ubcf5\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\uc744\uc9c0\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \ubd88\ud655\uc2e4\ud558\ub2e4. \ubcf8 \uc870\uc0ac\ub294 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \ud575\uc2ec \uc9c8\ubb38\uc5d0 \ucd08\uc810\uc744 \ub9de\ucd94\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uccab\uc9f8, \uc65c \uc548\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uc0dd\uc0b0\ub7c9 \uc720\uc9c0\ub294 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \uacfc\uc81c\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub294\uac00? \ub458\uc9f8, \ud574\ucd08 \uc7ac\ubc30 \uac00\uad6c\ub294 \ubc18\ubcf5\ub418\ub294 \uc704\uae30 \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc0dd\uacc4\ub97c \uc774\uc5b4\uac00\uace0 \uc788\ub294\uac00? 2024\ub144\uc5d0 \uc2e4\uc2dc\ud55c 138\uac00\uad6c \ub300\uc0c1 \uc124\ubb38\uc870\uc0ac\uc640, 2017\ub144 \ubc0f 2024\ub144\uc5d0 \uc9c4\ud589\ud55c \ubc18\uad6c\uc870\ud654 \uc778\ud130\ubdf0 \uacb0\uacfc\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74, \ud574\ucd08 \uc7ac\ubc30 \uac00\uad6c\ub294 \uc0dd\ud65c \uc218\uc900\uc744 \uc548\uc815\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud5a5\uc0c1\uc2dc\ud0a4\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc0dd\uacc4 \ubd88\uc548\uc815\uc5d0 \uc2dc\ub2ec\ub9ac\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub2e4(Andriesse and Lee, 2021).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud0dc\ud48d\uc758 \uc5ec\ud30c\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \ud658\uacbd\uc801 \ubb38\uc81c \uc678\uc5d0\ub3c4, \uac01 \uac00\uc815\uc740 \ubd88\uc548\uc815\ud55c \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc815\uce58 \ud658\uacbd \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0dd\uc874 \uc804\ub7b5\uc744 \ubaa8\uc0c9\ud574\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc74c\uc758 \ub450 \uc778\uc6a9\ubb38\uc740 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uad8c\ub825 \uad6c\uc870\uc640 \uae08\uc735 \uc790\uc6d0\uc758 \uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce58\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \ub2e8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201c\uc911\uac1c\uc778\uc5d0\uac8c \ub300\ucd9c\uc744 \ubc1b\uace0 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ud611\ud68c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud55c \ud1b5\ud569\uc740 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b8 \uc218 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \ud55c \uc7ac\ubc30\uc790\ub294 \ubc29\uce74(\uc591 \uc606\uc5d0 \ubd80\ucc29\ub41c \uc544\uc6c3\ub9ac\uac70\uac00 \uc788\ub294 \uc804\ud1b5 \uce74\ub204) \ud55c \ub300\ub97c \uad6c\ub9e4\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 2\ub9cc \ud398\uc18c\ub97c \ube4c\ub838\uace0, \ub300\ucd9c\uc790\ub294 10\uac1c\uc6d4 \uc774\ub0b4\uc5d0 \uc6d0\uae08\uacfc \uc774\uc790\ub97c \ubaa8\ub450 \uc0c1\ud658\ud558\ub77c\uace0 \uc694\uad6c\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c, \uad6c\ub9e4\uc790\uac00 \ud574\ucd08 \uac00\uaca9\uc744 \ubbf8\ub9ac \uc815\ud574\ub193\uace0 \ud604\uae08 \uc120\uae09\uae08\uc744 \uc9c0\ubd88\ud558\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\ub3c4 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4.\u201d<br \/>\n(2024\ub144 1\uc6d4 18\uc77c, \ubc14\ub791\uac00\uc774 \ubc14\ubd80\uc580 \uc8fc\uc694 \uc815\ubcf4\uc6d0 \uc778\ud130\ubdf0)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u201c\uc800\ub294 \ub300\ucd9c\uc5c5\uc790\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc791\ub144\uc5d0 \uc0ac\ubb34\uc9c1\uc744 \uadf8\ub9cc\ub450\uba74\uc11c \uc774 \uc77c\uc744 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc694\uc998\uc740 30\uba85\uc758 \ud574\ucd08 \uc7ac\ubc30\uc5c5\uc790\uac00 \uc800\uc5d0\uac8c\uc11c \ub3c8\uc744 \ube4c\ub9ac\uace0 \uc788\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\ub294 \uc11c\uba74 \uacc4\uc57d\uc774 \uc5c6\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 5,000\ud398\uc18c\ub97c, \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 15,000\ud398\uc18c\uae4c\uc9c0 \ube4c\ub824 \uac11\ub2c8\ub2e4.\u201d<br \/>\n(2024\ub144 1\uc6d4 21\uc77c, \ud574\ucd08 \ud611\ud68c \ud68c\uc7a5 \uc778\ud130\ubdf0)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc124\ubb38\uc870\uc0ac\uc640 \uc778\ud130\ubdf0 \uacb0\uacfc\ub294 \ub2e4\uc74c\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \ubcf5\ud569\uc801\uc778 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6c0\uc744 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0b8\ub2e4. \ub2e8\uae30\uc801\uc778 \ud0dc\ud48d \uacbd\ubcf4 \uccb4\uacc4, \uc288\ud37c \ud0dc\ud48d \ub77c\uc774\uc758 \uc5ec\ud30c, \ud574\ucd08 \uc0dd\uc0b0\ub7c9\uc744 \uc904\uc774\ub294 \u2018\ube59\ube59\ubcd1\u2019, \ud574\uc870\ub958\ub97c \uc12d\ucde8\ud558\ub294 \ubc14\ub2e4\uac70\ubd81, \uace0\ud488\uc9c8 \ubaa8\uc885 \ubd80\uc871 \ubc0f \uac00\uaca9 \ubcc0\ub3d9, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uad8c\ub825 \uc5ed\ud559\uc774 \uadf8\uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc694\uc778\ub4e4\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \ube48\uace4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc601\uad6c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098\uae30\ub780 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b0\uba70, \ud574\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ucde8\uc57d\uc131\uc774 \ub354\uc6b1 \uc2ec\ud654\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uae30\ud6c4\ubcc0\ud654\uc758 \uc601\ud5a5\uc774\ub098 \uac00\uaca9 \ubcc0\ub3d9\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uad6d\uc81c\uc801 \uc694\uc778\ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uad6d\uac00 \ubc0f \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc218\uc900\uc758 \uad6c\uc870\uc801 \ubb38\uc81c\ub3c4 \uc0dd\uacc4 \uc548\uc815\uc5d0 \ud070 \uc7a5\uc560\ubb3c\ub85c \uc791\uc6a9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ucc98\ub7fc \uacf5\uac04\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc5bd\ud78c \ubcf5\ud569 \uc694\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \ud314\ub77c\uc644 \ud574\ucd08 \uc591\uc2dd\uc5c5\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc0dd\uacc4 \uae30\ubc18\uc744 \uc548\uc815\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub2e4\ubcc0\ud654\ud558\uae30 \uc5b4\ub835\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e0\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2017\ub144\ubd80\ud130 2024\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \uc0dd\uacc4 \ub2e4\uac01\ud654 \uc2dc\ub3c4\uac00 \uc788\uc5c8\uc73c\ub098(\uc9c1\uc870, \ubc14\ub2f7\uac00\uc7ac \uc591\uc2dd \ub4f1), \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \uc9c0\uc18d\ub418\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uace0 \uc704\ucd95\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uad00\ub828 \ub2e8\uccb4\ub4e4\uc740 \uad6c\uc870\uc801 \ubcc0\ud654\ub97c \uc774\ub04c \ub9cc\ud07c \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \uac15\ub825\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uacb0\uad6d \uc5b4\uc5c5\uc73c\ub85c\uc758 \ud68c\uadc0\uc640 \ud0c0 \uc9c0\uc5ed \ub610\ub294 \ud574\uc678\ub85c\uc758 \uc774\uc8fc\uac00 \uac00\uc7a5 \uc8fc\uc694\ud55c \ub300\uc751 \uc804\ub7b5\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub294 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \ud574\uc591 \uc0dd\ud0dc\uacc4\uc640 \ub3c4\uc2dc \ub178\ub3d9\uc2dc\uc7a5\uc5d0 \ub354 \ud070 \ubd80\ub2f4\uc744 \uc8fc\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uacb0\ub860\uc801\uc73c\ub85c, \uc774 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 \uc0c1\ub958 \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uac00\uce58\uc0ac\uc2ac\uacfc \uc5f0\uacc4\ub41c \uc0dd\uacc4 \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \uba74\ubc00\ud788 \ubd84\uc11d\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ud544\uc218\uc801\uc784\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4. \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \uce74\ub77c\uae30\ub09c \uc218\ucd9c\uc740 \ube44\uad50\uc801 \uc548\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uc8fc\uc694 \ud574\uc591 \ucd5c\uc885\uc0b0\ubb3c\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\uac83\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud558\ub294 \uc218\ucc9c \uba85\uc758 \ud574\uc870\ub958 \uc591\uc2dd\uc5c5\uc790\uc640\uc758 \uc0ac\ud68c\uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uac04\uadf9\uc740 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc2ec\uac01\ud558\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \ud574\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uc0dd\uacc4\ub294 \ud658\uacbd\uc801 \uc704\ud611\uacfc \uc81c\ub3c4\uc801 \ud55c\uacc4\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubd88\uc548\uc815\ud558\uace0 \ucde8\uc57d\ud55c \uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0 \ub193\uc5ec \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\uc77c\ub85c\uc77c\ub85c\uc758 \uc5b4\ubd80\ub4e4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ubd81\ubd80 \ud314\ub77c\uc644 \uc678\uc5d0\ub3c4, \ud544\uc790\ub294 \uc11c\ubd80 \ube44\uc0ac\uc57c\ub85c \ubd88\ub9ac\ub294 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0 \uc704\uce58\ud55c \uc77c\ub85c\uc77c\ub85c \uc8fc\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc5ec\ub7ec \ucc28\ub840 \ud604\uc9c0 \uc870\uc0ac\ub97c \uc218\ud589\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. 2018\ub144\uc5d0\ub294 \uc77c\ub85c\uc77c\ub85c \uc801\uc2ed\uc790\uc0ac \uc18c\uc18d \uc790\uc6d0\ubd09\uc0ac\uc790\uc640 \uc5f0\uad6c \ubcf4\uc870\uc6d0, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud544\uc790\uac00 \ud568\uaed8 3\uac1c \uc9c0\uc790\uccb4\uc758 11\uac1c \ud574\uc548 \ub9c8\uc744\uc5d0\uc11c 313\uba85\uc758 \uc18c\uaddc\ubaa8 \uc5b4\ubd80\ub97c \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc870\uc0ac\ub97c \uc9c4\ud589\ud558\uc600\ub2e4(Andriesse, 2020). 2023\ub144\uc5d0\ub294 \ubc14\ub85c\ud0c1 \ube44\uc5d0\ud638(Barotac Viejo)\uc758 \ub450 \ub9c8\uc744\uc5d0\uc11c \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c 50\uba85\uc758 \uc18c\uaddc\ubaa8 \uc5b4\ubd80\ub97c \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc870\uc0ac\ub97c \uc2e4\uc2dc\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc911 \uc0c1\ub2f9\uc218\ub294 2018\ub144\uc5d0 \uc774\ubbf8 \ub300\ud654\ub97c \ub098\ub208 \uc774\ub4e4\ub85c, \uc870\uc0ac\ub294 \uc885\ub2e8\uc801 \ubd84\uc11d\uc758 \uae30\ud68c\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ud5a5\ud6c4 \uc774 50\uba85\uc758 \uc5b4\ubd80\uc640 \uadf8 \uac00\uc871\uc744 \uc7a5\uae30\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ucd94\uc801\ud558\uace0\uc790 \ud558\uba70, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc790\ub140\uac00 \uc218\uc2ed \ub144 \ub0b4 \uc911\uc0b0\uce35\uc5d0 \uc9c4\uc785\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc744\uc9c0, \ub610 \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0dd\uacc4 \ubc0f \uac70\uc8fc\uc758 \uc9c0\ub9ac\uc801 \uc591\uc0c1\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \ubcc0\ud654\ud560\uc9c0\ub97c \uad00\ucc30\ud558\uace0\uc790 \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud604\uc9c0 \uc870\uc0ac\ub97c \ubc14\ud0d5\uc73c\ub85c, \ud658\uacbd \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc9c0\uc18d\ub418\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70 \ube48\uace4 \uac10\uc18c\ub294 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc7a5\uae30\uc801\uc778 \uacfc\uc81c\ub77c\ub294 \uc810, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc18c\uaddc\ubaa8 \uc5b4\uc5c5\uc774 \uc18c\ub4dd \uc99d\ub300\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774 \ubd84\uba85\ud574\uc84c\ub2e4. \uc870\uc0ac \uacb0\uacfc, \uc138 \uac00\uc9c0 \ud658\uacbd\uc801 \uc694\uc778\uacfc \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc815\uce58\uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc7a5\uc560 \uc694\uc778\uc774 \ud655\uc778\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \ud658\uacbd \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \ube48\ubc88\ud55c \ud0dc\ud48d\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc801\uc751\uc774\ub2e4. \ubc14\ub85c\ud0c1 \ube44\uc5d0\ud638 \uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 2013\ub144 11\uc6d4 7&#8211;17\uc77c\uc758 \uc288\ud37c \ud0dc\ud48d \ub77c\uc774(\uc624\ub370\ud2b8), 2022\ub144 10\uc6d4 28~30\uc77c\uc758 \uac15\ub825\ud55c \uc5f4\ub300\uc131 \ud3ed\ud48d \ub0a0\uac1c(\ud33d) \ub4f1 \ub2e4\uc591\ud55c \ud3ed\ud48d\uc758 \ud53c\ud574\ub97c \uacbd\ud5d8\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc774\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uc8fc\ud0dd\uacfc \uc5b4\uc120\uc774 \ud30c\uc190\ub418\uc5b4 \uc7ac\uac74\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud588\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ud53c\ud574\ub294 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801 \uc0ac\ud68c\uacbd\uc81c \ubc1c\uc804\uc744 \uc2ec\uac01\ud558\uac8c \uc800\ud574\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ud574\uc548 \ubcf5\uad6c\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \ub9f9\uadf8\ub85c\ube0c \uc2dd\uc7ac\ub098 \ud574\ucd08 \uc7ac\ubc30 \ub2e4\uac01\ud654 \ub4f1\uc740 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc2dc\ub3c4\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud0dc\ud48d\uc774 \ud574\ub2f9 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc744 \uac15\ud0c0\ud560 \uacbd\uc6b0 \uc7ac\uc815\uc801 \uc790\uc6d0\uc774 \ub0ad\ube44\ub420 \uc704\ud5d8\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \uc751\ub2f5\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uac15\ud55c \ud30c\ub3c4\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \ud574\ucd08\uac00 \ud729\uc4f8\ub824 \ub098\uac00\uace0 \uc5b4\ub9b0 \ub9f9\uadf8\ub85c\ube0c\uac00 \uc190\uc0c1\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \uc9c4\uc220\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 \ud658\uacbd \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \ubd88\ubc95 \uc5b4\uc5c5\uc774\ub2e4. \ubc14\ub85c\ud0c1 \ube44\uc5d0\ud638 \ubc16\uc5d0\uc11c \uc628 \uc77c\ubd80 \uc5b4\ubd80\ub4e4\uc740 2021\ub144\uc5d0 \ub3c4\uc785\ub41c \uae08\uc5b4\uae30 \uc815\ucc45\uc744 \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \uc900\uc218\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70(Napata et al., 2020), \ubd88\ubc95 \uc5b4\uad6c\uac00 \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\ub294 \uc0ac\ub840\ub3c4 \ube48\ubc88\ud558\ub2e4. \uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub2e8\uc18d\uacfc \ubaa8\ub2c8\ud130\ub9c1\uc740 \uc790\uc6d0 \ubd80\uc871\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uace0\uc18d \uc21c\ucc30\uc120\uc774 \ubd80\uc871\ud55c \uc810\ub3c4 \ubb38\uc81c\ub85c \uc9c0\uc801\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc138 \ubc88\uc9f8\ub294 \uac74\uae30 \ub3d9\uc548\uc758 \ub2f4\uc218 \ubd80\uc871 \ubb38\uc81c\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uac00\uc815 \ub0b4 \uae30\ubcf8 \uc0dd\ud65c\uc5d0 \uc9c0\uc7a5\uc744 \uc904 \ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc0dd\uacc4 \ub2e4\uac01\ud654\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd80\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce5c\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ubb3c\uc774 \ub9c8\ub974\uba74 \uc8fc\ubbfc\ub4e4\uc740 \uc9c0\uc790\uccb4\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb3c\uc744 \uad6c\ub9e4\ud574\uc57c \ud558\uba70, \ud574\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc9c0\ud558\uc218\uc758 \uacfc\ub3c4\ud55c \uc0ac\uc6a9\uc73c\ub85c \uc5fc\uc218 \uce68\ud22c\uac00 \uac00\uc18d\ud654\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud658\uacbd\uc801 \ubb38\uc81c \uc678\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ub450 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc8fc\uc694 \uc815\uce58\uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc694\uc778\uc774 \uc0dd\uacc4 \uc548\uc815\uc744 \uc5b4\ub835\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e0\ub2e4. \uccab\uc9f8\ub294 \ud3b8\ud5a5\ub41c \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uc18c\uc720 \uad6c\uc870\uc774\ub2e4. \ubc14\ub85c\ud0c1 \ube44\uc5d0\ud638\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc77c\uacf1 \uac00\uad6c\uac00 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \ud1a0\uc9c0\ub97c \uc18c\uc720\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc0c1\ub2f9\uc218\uc758 \uc18c\uaddc\ubaa8 \uc5b4\ubd80\ub294 \ud1a0\uc9c0\ub97c \uc804\ud600 \ubcf4\uc720\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud1a0\uc9c0\ub97c \uc18c\uc720\ud55c \uac00\uad6c\ub294 \ub300\uccb4\ub85c \ub3c4\uc2dc \uae30\ubc18\uc758 \ubd80\uc720\uce35\uc774\uba70, \uc885\uc885 \uc720\ub825\uc790\uc5d0\uac8c \ud1a0\uc9c0\ub97c \ub9e4\uac01\ud558\uae30\ub3c4 \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4, \ud544\uc790\ub294 \uc5b4\uba38\ub2c8\uac00 200\uc81c\uacf1\ubbf8\ud130\uc758 \ub545\uc744 10\ub9cc \ud398\uc18c(\uc57d 1,800\ub2ec\ub7ec)\uc5d0 \uc0ac\uc900 \ud55c \uccad\ub144\uacfc \uc778\ud130\ubdf0\ub97c \uc9c4\ud589\ud55c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uac1c\ud601\uc740 \uc218\uc2ed \ub144 \ub3d9\uc548 \ub17c\uc7c1\uc758 \ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \ub418\uc5b4 \uc654\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \ubb38\uc81c\ub294 \ub354\uc6b1 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ub458\uc9f8\ub294 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc815\uce58\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \ub300\ud45c\uc131 \ubd80\uc871\uc774\ub2e4. \uc5b4\ubd80\ub4e4\uc744 \ub300\ubcc0\ud558\ub294 \uc815\uce58\uc778\uc740 \uac70\uc758 \uc5c6\uc73c\uba70, \uc120\uac70 \uae30\uac04 \ub3d9\uc548 \uc5b4\ubd80\ub4e4\uc758 \ubaa9\uc18c\ub9ac\uc640 \uc694\uad6c\ub294 \ub18d\ubbfc\uc774\ub098 \ub3c4\uc2dc \uc720\uad8c\uc790\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub35c \uc911\uc694\ud558\uac8c \uc5ec\uaca8\uc9c4\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc751\ub2f5\uc790\uc758 \uc18c\ub4dd \uc790\ub8cc\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74, 2018\ub144\uc5d0\ub294 \uc870\uc0ac \ub300\uc0c1 50\uac00\uad6c \uc911 42\uac00\uad6c(84%)\uac00 \ube48\uace4\uc120 \uc774\ud558\uc758 \uc0dd\ud65c\uc744 \ud588\uc73c\uba70, 2023\ub144\uc5d0\ub3c4 38\uac00\uad6c(76%)\uac00 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \ube48\uace4 \uc0c1\ud0dc\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubc18\uba74, \uc11c\ubd80 \ube44\uc0ac\uc57c \uc804\uccb4\uc758 \uac00\uad6c \ube48\uace4\uc728\uc740 2018\ub144 10.1%, 2023\ub144\uc5d0\ub294 9.8%\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub0ac\ub2e4. \ube44\uad50\uc801 \ub192\uc740 \uc18c\ub4dd\uc744 \uc62c\ub9ac\ub294 \uac00\uad6c\ub294 \uc9c0\uc5ed \ub0b4 \uc218\uc785\uc6d0\uc774 \uc788\uac70\ub098 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \ub300\ub3c4\uc2dc \ubc0f \ud574\uc678\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294 \uce5c\ucc99\uc758 \uc1a1\uae08\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc544\ub798 \ub3c4\ud45c\ub294 2018\ub144\uacfc 2023\ub144 \uc870\uc0ac \ub300\uc0c1\uc790 50\uba85\uc758 \uc18c\ub4dd \uc218\uc900 \ubcc0\ud654\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4. \uc77c\ubd80 \uc18c\ub4dd \uc99d\uac00\ub294 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ubb3c\uac00 \uc5ed\uc2dc \ud070 \ud3ed\uc73c\ub85c \uc0c1\uc2b9\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \ud1b5\uacc4\uccad\uc740 5\uc778 \uac00\uc871 \uae30\uc900 \uc6d4 \ube48\uace4\uc120\uc744 2018\ub144\uc5d0\ub294 10,513\ud398\uc18c, 2023\ub144\uc5d0\ub294 13,801\ud398\uc18c\ub85c \uc124\uc815\ud558\uc600\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc5b4\ub290 \ub0a0, \ud544\uc790\uc640 \uc5f0\uad6c \uc870\uc218\ub294 \uc624\uc804 6\uc2dc\ubd80\ud130 11\uc2dc\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc870\uc5c5\uc744 \ub9c8\uce5c \uc5b4\ubd80\ub97c \uc778\ud130\ubdf0\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub294 2.5kg\uc758 \ubb3c\uace0\uae30\ub97c \uc7a1\uc544 \uc57d 400\ud398\uc18c(8\ub2ec\ub7ec)\uc5b4\uce58\ub85c \ud314\uc558\uc73c\uba70, \uc774 \uc911 \uc5f0\ub8cc\ube44\ub85c 80\ud398\uc18c\ub97c \uc9c0\ucd9c\ud574 \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c\ub294 320\ud398\uc18c\ub97c \ubc8c\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub294 \u201c2.5kg\uc774\uba74 \ub098\uc058\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ud3b8\uc774\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc694\uc998 \uc2dd\ub8cc\ud488 \uac00\uaca9\uc774 \ub108\ubb34 \ub9ce\uc774 \uc62c\ub790\uc2b5\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc300 1kg\uc774 \uc9c0\uae08\uc740 100\ud398\uc18c\uc785\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc800\ucd95\uc740 \uac70\uc758 \ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud569\ub2c8\ub2e4.\u201d\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud588\ub2e4. \ub0a0\uc528\uac00 \uc88b\uc9c0 \uc54a\uac70\ub098 \ud30c\ub3c4\uac00 \ub192\uc544 \uc704\ud5d8\ud55c \ub0a0\uc5d0\ub294 \uc5b4\ud68d\ub7c9\uc774 \uc801\uac70\ub098 \uc544\uc608 \uc5c6\uc744 \ub54c\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \ubc1d\ud614\ub2e4(Andriesse, 2023). \ubc14\ub85c\ud0c1 \ube44\uc5d0\ud638\uc5d0\uc11c \ubcfc \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc0ac\ub840\ub294 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \ud574\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc0dd\uacc4 \ucde8\uc57d\uc131\uc744 \uc904\uc774\uace0 \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \ubcc0\ud654\ub97c \uc774\ub04c\uc5b4\ub0b4\ub294 \uc77c\uc774 \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud558\uace0 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \uacfc\uc81c\uc778\uc9c0\ub97c \uc5ec\uc2e4\ud788 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9046\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9046\" style=\"width: 2147px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-9046\" src=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2147\" height=\"1595\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03.png 2147w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-1024x761.png 1024w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-768x571.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-1536x1141.png 1536w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-2048x1521.png 2048w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-565x420.png 565w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-80x60.png 80w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-150x111.png 150w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-485x360.png 485w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-696x517.png 696w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-1068x793.png 1068w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-1920x1426.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2147px) 100vw, 2147px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9046\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>\ubc14\ub85c\ud0c1 \ube44\uc5d0\ud638 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc18c\uaddc\ubaa8 \uc5b4\ubd80\uc758 \uc6d4\uac00\uad6c\uc18c\ub4dd<\/strong><br \/>\ucd9c\ucc98: \ud544\uc790\uac00 \uc218\ud589\ud55c \ud604\uc9c0\uc870\uc0ac, 2018\ub144 \ubc0f 2023\ub144<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\uc55e\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc544\uac08 \uae38: \uacf5\uc815\ud55c \ud574\uc548 \uc804\ud658\uc744 \ud5a5\ud558\uc5ec<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ub3d9\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \ub9ce\uc740 \ucde8\uc57d\ud55c \ud574\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\ub97c \uc704\ud55c \uac00\uae4c\uc6b4 \ubbf8\ub798\uc5d0\ub294 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc120\ud0dd\uc9c0\uac00 \uc874\uc7ac\ud558\ub294\uac00? 2015\ub144 \ud30c\ub9ac\uae30\ud6c4\ud611\uc815(COP21) \uc774\ud6c4, \uc5ec\ub7ec \uad6d\uac00 \uc815\ubd80\uc640 \uad6d\uc81c\uae30\uad6c\ub294 \uc624\uc5fc\uacfc \ube48\uace4\uc744 \uc720\ubc1c\ud558\ub294 \uae30\uc874\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c \uc131\uc7a5 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098, \uc9c0\uc18d\uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uacfc \ud3ec\uc6a9\uc131, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc131\uc7a5\uc744 \ud1b5\ud569\ud558\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ubaa8\ub378\ub85c\uc758 \uacf5\uc815\ud55c \uc804\ud658\uc744 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc2e4\ud604\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uc744\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ub17c\uc758\ub97c \uc774\uc5b4\uc624\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c \ub0b4 \uac00\uc7a5 \ube48\uace4\ud55c \uacc4\uce35\uc774 \ubc30\uc81c\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uc815\uc758\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc5f0\uc548 \uc804\ud658\uc744 \uc2e4\ud604\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574\uc11c\ub294, \ud574\ucd08 \uc591\uc2dd\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc804\ub7b5\uc774 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \ube48\uace4 \uac10\uc18c\uc640 \uace0\uc6a9 \ub2e4\uac01\ud654\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc7a0\uc7ac\ub825\uc744 \uc9c0\ub2c8\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \ube44\ud310\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ud560 \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \uad6d\uc81c\ub178\ub3d9\uae30\uad6c(ILO)\ub294 \u2018\uc815\uc758\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc804\ud658\u2019\uc744 \u201c\uad00\ub828\ub41c \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc774\ud574\uad00\uacc4\uc790\uc5d0\uac8c \ucd5c\ub300\ud55c \uacf5\uc815\ud558\uace0 \ud3ec\uc6a9\uc801\uc778 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c, \uc591\uc9c8\uc758 \uc77c\uc790\ub9ac\ub97c \ucc3d\ucd9c\ud558\uace0 \ub204\uad6c\ub3c4 \uc18c\uc678\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\ub294 \uc804\ud658\u201d\uc73c\ub85c \uc815\uc758\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4(ILO, 2024). \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc5d0\uc11c \uc815\uc758\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc5f0\uc548 \uc804\ud658\uc758 \uae38\uc744 \uac1c\ucc99\ud558\ub294 \uc77c\uc740 \uacb0\ucf54 \uc26c\uc6b4 \uacfc\uc81c\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \ud658\uacbd \ubb38\uc81c\uc640 \uc0ac\ud68c\uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \ubd88\uade0\ud615\uc774 \uc5bd\ud600 \uc788\ub294 \uad6c\uc870 \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc804\ud658\uc744 \uac00\ub85c\ub9c9\ub294 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \uc815\uce58\uc801\u00b7\uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc7a5\uc560\uc5d0 \uc9c1\uba74\ud574 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc77c\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 \uc0dd\uacc4\ub97c \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\uae30\uc870\ucc28 \ubc84\uac70\uc6b4 \uc704\uae30 \uc0c1\ud669 \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c, \uc5f0\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\ub294 \uc7a5\uae30\uc801 \uc804\ud658\uc744 \uc124\uacc4\ud558\uace0 \ucd94\uc9c4\ud560 \uc5ed\ub7c9 \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \ubd80\uc871\ud55c \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \ub9ce\uc73c\uba70, \uc911\uc559\uc815\ubd80\uc640 \uc9c0\ubc29\uc815\ubd80 \uac04\uc758 \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud55c \uad00\uacc4\ub294 \ud3ec\uc6a9\uc801 \uc811\uadfc\uc758 \uc2e4\ud604\uc744 \ub354\uc6b1 \uc5b4\ub835\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e0\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc815\uc758\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc804\ud658\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad6d\uac00 \ucc28\uc6d0\uc758 \uc77c\ub960\uc801\uc778 \uccad\uc0ac\uc9c4\uc744 \uc218\ub9bd\ud558\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4\ub294, \ud2b9\uc815 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uacfc \uacbd\uc81c \ubd80\ubb38\uc744 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \uc138\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \uc811\uadfc\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \ub354\uc6b1 \ud604\uc2e4\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ud6a8\uacfc\uc801\uc774\ub2e4. \uc5f0\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4 \u2018\uacf5\uc815\ud55c \uc804\ud658\u2019\uc774\ub780, \uae30\ud6c4 \ubc0f \ud658\uacbd\uc801 \ub3c4\uc804\uacfc \uc9c0\uc5ed \uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \uc120\ud0dd\uc9c0(\uc5b4\uc5c5, \ub300\uccb4 \uc77c\uc790\ub9ac, \uc1a1\uae08 \ubd84\ubc30), \uae30\ud6c4 \uc7ac\uc815 \uae30\uae08\uc758 \uc811\uadfc\uc131\uacfc \ud65c\uc6a9 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc5f0\uc548 \uac00\uad6c\uc758 \uc5ed\ub7c9 \uac15\ud654\ub97c \uc885\ud569\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uace0\ub824\ud558\ub294 \uc804\ub7b5\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h4><strong>Philippine coastal livelihood trajectories in need of just transitions<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This article sheds light on coastal livelihoods in the Philippines, the second largest country in Southeast Asia by population. The Philippines has a total population of approximately 114 million people; 60% of which reside in low-lying coastal areas. In addition to typhoons and storms, coastal communities are also affected by floods, saltwater intrusion, coastal erosion, sea-level rise, overfishing, and in urban areas soil subsidence. Since 2014, I have done research on coastal communities in the Philippines, particularly on how fishers and seaweed farmers cope with and respond to environmental challenges, and on how policies could become more effective. In this article I share some of my findings and the possible ways forward for policy and practice. The first case is concerned with seaweed farmers in Palawan Province, the second one with fishers in Iloilo Province. I argue that in order to achieve just <em>coastal<\/em> transitions in which the poorest sections of local societies are not left behind, it is necessary to zoom in more closely on coastal landscapes and marine-scapes. This implies careful considerations of the environmental challenges, local economic options (fishing, other jobs, allocation of remittances), climate finance, and capacity building among coastal households.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Tags<\/strong>: Seaweed, fisheries, typhoons, coastal governance, Southeast Asia<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Edo Andriesse<\/strong> (Seoul National University)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Persistent environmental challenges<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pope Francis, who passed away April 21<sup>st<\/sup>, 2025, was a highly respected figure in the Philippines and will be remembered for a long time. This is in part because he insisted on holding a mass in Tacloban, Leyte Province January 15, despite advice to cancel the trip due to tropical storm Mekkhala (Philippine name Amang). The reason for Tacloban was to commemorate the more than 6000 people who passed away in super typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) two years earlier.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This illustrates the impact of typhoons and tropical storms on Philippine society. According to German Watch \u2018a total of 372 extreme weather events in 1993\u20132022 caused USD 34 billion in (inflation-adjusted) losses\u2019 in the Philippines and the country ranks 10<sup>th<\/sup> in terms of countries most affected by extreme weather events (German Watch, 2025). The top four countries are Dominica, China, Honduras, and Myanmar. These events include droughts, floods, heatwaves, storms, and wildfires. German Watch also cited the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report stating that \u2018it is likely that the global proportion of category 3-5 tropical cyclone [typhoon] instances and the frequency of rapid intensification events have both increased globally over the past 40 years\u2019. It is becoming clear that climate change is fuelling the power and frequency of typhoons due to stronger winds, warmer ocean temperatures and warmer air holding more moisture culminating in heavy rainfall.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">This article sheds light on coastal livelihoods in the Philippines, the second largest country in Southeast Asia by population. Indonesia has a total population of 284 million people, the Philippines 114 million; 60% of which reside in low-lying coastal areas. In addition to typhoons and storms, coastal communities are also affected by floods, saltwater intrusion, coastal erosion, sea-level rise, overfishing, and in urban areas soil subsidence (in Manila as well as in other Southeast Asia megacities like Jakarta, Bangkok, and Ho Chi Minh City)(Stockholm Environment Institute, 2024). Since 2014, I have done research on coastal communities in the Philippines, particularly on how fishers and seaweed farmers cope with and respond to environmental challenges, and on how policies could become more effective. In this article, I share some of my findings and the possible ways forward for policy and practice. The first case is concerned with seaweed farmers in Palawan Province, and the second one with fishers in Iloilo Province.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Seaweed farmers in Palawan <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the Philippines, thousands of households situated in coastal areas continue to be partly dependent on cultivating carrageenan seaweeds (most prominently <em>Kappaphycus alvarezii<\/em>); seaweeds that are refined into carrageenan, which is a thickener\/binder used in food products, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. The country is the second largest producer of carrageenan seaweeds after Indonesia and the second largest exporter of carrageenan after China. Between 2013 and 2022 the average annual value of carrageenan exports was US$ 207 million, making it the second most valuable Philippine marine product after tuna. While Indonesia is by far the largest producer of seaweed, it does not have a strong refining capacity and exports most of its seaweed to refineries in China. Notwithstanding the well-developed and domestically integrated Philippine seaweed value chain, many households dependent on seaweeds have not managed to significantly reduce poverty and socio-economic and environmental vulnerability. Indeed, coastal communities belong to the poorest sections of Philippine society.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In my research together with Palawan State University, we zoomed in on northern Palawan Island and investigated the changing livelihoods of households cultivating seaweeds in seven villages. The island has a long history of seaweed farming. Between 2000 and 2011 production levels steadily increased and hundreds of households were able to increase their incomes and reduce the dependence on fishing. However, after 2011 seaweed production declined. More recently, the COVID-19 pandemic and the December 2021 super typhoon Rai (Philippine name Odette) further hampered a return to growth. The Asian Development Bank estimated that super typhoons can reduce local economic activity by around 3% and based on historical data, typhoons cost the Philippines around $20 billion between 1990 and 2020. For example, Typhoon Kristine in 2024 caused an estimated Philippine Peso 6.20 billion in agricultural damage (Department of Science and Technology, 2024).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9044\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9044\" style=\"width: 938px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9044 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"938\" height=\"527\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01.png 938w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01-748x420.png 748w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01-150x84.png 150w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-01-696x391.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 938px) 100vw, 938px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9044\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Carrageenan seaweed in Palawan.<\/strong><br \/>Source: Author<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9045\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9045\" style=\"width: 960px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9045 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"960\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02.png 960w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02-768x768.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02-420x420.png 420w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-02-696x696.png 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9045\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Northern Palawan<br \/>Source: Bae Gwangwon<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">While there has been a recent recovery, it remains to be seen whether production can bounce back to the golden years of 2008\u20132011. In our investigation, we focused on two questions: Why has it been difficult to maintain steady production levels and how have households sought to navigate multiple crises? Based on a 2024 survey among 138 seaweed-growing households and semi-structured interviews in 2017 and 2024, we demonstrated how households cultivating seaweeds, rather than enjoying steady increases in living standards, experience livelihoods in flux (Andriesse and Lee, 2021).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In addition to the environmental challenges, most notably dealing with the consequences of typhoons, households also need to navigate disabling local political arrangements. The following two quotes illustrate what happens when we have a closer look at the relationships between local power and financial assets:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Consolidation through associations can be difficult as some members have loans with middle-persons. For instance, one grower borrowed 20,000 PhP for the purchase of one bangka (double-outrigger dugout canoes). The lender required him to repay the loan plus interest rate within 10 months. And sometimes buyers pay growers cash advances at a predetermined seaweed price. <\/em>(Interview with key informant in Barangay Babuyan, January 18, 2024)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>I am also a lender. I started last year when I quit my office job. These days thirty seaweed growers borrow money from me. There is no written agreement between me and the borrowers. Some growers borrow 5000 PhP; others more, sometimes 15,000 PhP. <\/em>(Interview with a President of a seaweed association, January 21, 2024)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Overall, the surveys and interviews revealed multiple challenges, including short-notice typhoon warnings; the aftermath of super typhoon Rai; ice-ice disease reducing yields; sea turtles feeding on seaweed; the lack of high-quality seedlings and fluctuating prices, and local power dynamics. Consequently, it remains hard to escape poverty permanently, and instead, coastal vulnerability is the norm. Some factors have an international dimension like climate change impacts and fluctuating prices; others have a more national and local dimension. This spatially complex set of factors has made it hard for seaweed growers in Palawan to improve their livelihoods. Between 2017 and 2024 there have been various efforts to diversify (weaving, lobster aquaculture), yet most activities eventually petered out and associations are not strong enough to facilitate transformative change. Returning to fishing and outmigration have been the most important coping strategies, putting further pressure on the marine environment and urban labour markets in the Philippines.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In sum, the results demonstrate that it is imperative to analyse livelihood trajectories involved in upstream global value chains. There is still a serious socio-economic disconnect between Philippine carrageenan exports (relatively stable and an important marine endproduct) and the thousands of seaweed growers. Therefore, coastal livelihoods remain in flux, vulnerable due to environmental challenges.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Fishers in Iloilo<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Besides northern Palawan I have also done much research in Iloilo Province, located in the region called Western Visayas. In 2018 my research assistants, volunteers working for the Iloilo Red Cross, and I surveyed 313 small-scale fishers in eleven coastal villages in three municipalities (Andriesse, 2020). In 2023 we surveyed among 50 small-scale fishers in two villages in the municipality of Barotac Viejo; the <em>same<\/em> people we talked to in 2018 in this municipality. So, similar to the fieldwork in Palawan, this gave me the opportunity to add a longitudinal dimension to the research. My plan is to follow these 50 people and their families in the years ahead. Will their children be able to reach middle-class status in the coming decades? And what will be the geographical trends of working and living?<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Based on the empirical fieldworks, it has become clear that environmental challenges persist, poverty reduction is a long-term process, and small-scale fishing does not culminate in higher incomes. I identify three environmental challenges and two political-economic obstacles. The first environmental challenge is adapting to typhoons. Residents of Barotac Viejo were affected by the November 7-8, 2013 super typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda), December 16-17, 2021 super typhoon Rai (Odette), severe tropical storm October 28-30, 2022 Nalgae (Paeng), and several other storms. This hampered steady socioeconomic progress as many houses and fishing boats were damaged and had to be rebuilt. New projects like diversifying into carrageenan seaweeds and planting mangroves to rehabilitate coastal areas are risky and potentially a waste of financial resources if a storm hits the area. Respondents stated that seaweeds were washed away by strong waves and young mangroves were damaged. Secondly, illegal fishing continues to be a problem. Several fishers, also from outside Barotac Viejo, do not observe the closed seasons policy, implemented in 2021 (Napata et al., 2020), sometimes illegal gear is used, and monitoring and enforcement remain suboptimal due to a lack of resources. For example, there is a lack of fast patrol boats to pursue illegal fishers. The third environmental challenge is freshwater scarcity during the dry season. This is not only a problem for existing household activities but also obstructs livelihood diversification. When the wells dry up, residents need to buy water from the municipality. And in coastal areas, excessive use of ground water can speed up saltwater intrusion.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In addition to environmental challenges there are two political-economic issues that make it hard to build more secure and stable livelihoods. The first one is skewed landownership. In coastal Barotac Viejo, seven families own much of the land and many small-scale fishers do not own any land. The landowning families are wealthy and urban based. Sometimes they sell pieces of land to those who can afford it. For instance, I talked to a young man whose mother bought a piece of 200 square meters for 100,000 pesos (approximately $ 1800). The situation is complicated as land reform has been a decades-old controversial dossier in the Philippines. The second issue is the weak political representation at the local level. Few local politicians cater to fisher folk and during election time, their voices and concerns carry less weight than those of farmers and urban-based citizens.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Based on respondents\u2019 income estimates, 42 out of 50 households (84%) lived below the poverty line in 2018, 38 out of 50 (76%) in 2023. In contrast, the household poverty incidence for the entire Western Visayas was 10.1% in 2018 and 9.8% in 2023. Those with high incomes have either in-situ income sources or receive remittances from relatives in big cities in the Philippines or abroad. The figure below compares the income levels of the 50 respondents in 2018 and 2023. Incomes have risen, yet prices have also increased. The Philippines Statistical Agency set the poverty threshold for a family of five at 10,513 PhP in 2018, at 13,801 in 2023. One day my research assistant and I interviewed a fisher who had just returned from a 6 a.m. to 11 a.m. fishing trip. He had caught 2.5 kg of fish worth 400 PhP; around $ 8. He had spent 80 PhP on fuel, so had 320 PhP left. \u201c2.5 kg is not bad, but food prices have risen a lot. One kilo of rice now costs 100 PhP. I save very little\u201d. There are days when he catches less, or even nothing, when the weather is bad and the waves too dangerous (Andriesse, 2023). The case of Barotac Viejo also demonstrates how difficult it is to reduce vulnerability and bring about meaningful change in the coastal Philippines.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9046\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9046\" style=\"width: 2147px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9046 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2147\" height=\"1595\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03.png 2147w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-1024x761.png 1024w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-768x571.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-1536x1141.png 1536w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-2048x1521.png 2048w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-565x420.png 565w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-80x60.png 80w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-150x111.png 150w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-485x360.png 485w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-696x517.png 696w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-1068x793.png 1068w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/img-03-1920x1426.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2147px) 100vw, 2147px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9046\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Estimated monthly household income of Small-Scale Fishers in Barotac Viejo<\/strong><br \/>Source: Field survey conducted by the author, 2018 and 2023<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Possible ways forward: Towards just, coastal transitions? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">What are the options in the near future for the many vulnerable coastal communities in Southeast Asia? Since the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement (COP 21), government agencies in many countries and international organisations have thought about how we can achieve just transitions from polluting and immiserizing economic growth to models integrating sustainability, inclusivity, and growth.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Achieving a just <em>coastal<\/em> transition in which the poorest sections of local societies are not left behind requires a critical understanding of strategies, such as the potential of the seaweed farming for sustained poverty reduction and diversified employment. I follow the International Labour Organisation (ILO) by referring to a just transition \u2018in a way that is as fair and inclusive as possible to everyone concerned, creating decent work opportunities and leaving no one behind\u2019 (International Labour Organization, 2024). It has been challenging to embark on a path of just, coastal transitions in the Philippines. The country faces ongoing political and economic obstacles that stymie the shift towards an integration of environmental and socio-economic issues. In crisis-stricken environments where meeting daily needs is a daunting task, coastal communities often lack the capacity to think about long-term transitions and complex local-central relations hamper moves towards inclusivity. Rather than formulating national-level blueprints of just transitions it is necessary to zoom in on specific landscapes and economic sectors and investigate transition possibilities. For coastal communities, this implies careful considerations of the environmental challenges, local economic options (fishing, other jobs, allocation of remittances), opportunities related to growing funds for climate finance and capacity building among coastal households.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Author introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Edo Andriesse <\/strong><strong>(<\/strong><a href=\"mailto:edoandriesse@snu.ac.kr\"><strong>edoandriesse@snu.ac.kr<\/strong><\/a><strong>)<\/strong><br \/>\nis a professor at Seoul National University. Edo Andriesse received his PhD at the Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University, majoring in international development studies. His major achievements include teaching human geography courses, contributing to the internationalization of higher education, and publishing several commentaries on development issues. He published many articles on coastal governance and rural development. For his latest publication: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2024.106783\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2024.106783<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=&#8221;\uc800\uc790 \uc18c\uac1c&#8221;][vc_column_text]<strong>\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc548\ub4dc\ub9ac\uc138<\/strong>(<a href=\"mailto:edoandriesse@snu.ac.kr%20\">edoandriesse@snu.ac.kr<\/a>)\ub294<\/p>\n<p>\uc11c\uc6b8\ub300\ud559\uad50 \uad50\uc218\ub2e4. \ub124\ub35c\ub780\ub4dc \uc704\ud2b8\ub808\ud750\ud2b8 \ub300\ud559\uad50 \uc778\ubb38\uc9c0\ub9ac\ud559 \ubc0f \uacf5\uac04\uacc4\ud68d\ud559\uacfc\uc5d0\uc11c \uad6d\uc81c\uac1c\ubc1c\ud559 \ubc15\uc0ac\ud559\uc704\ub97c \ubc1b\uc558\ub2e4. \uc778\ubb38\uc9c0\ub9ac\ud559 \uad50\uc721\uacfc \uace0\ub4f1\uad50\uc721\uc758 \uad6d\uc81c\ud654\uc5d0 \uae30\uc5ec\ud574 \uc654\uc73c\uba70, \uac1c\ubc1c \ubb38\uc81c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud65c\ubc1c\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\uc640 \ube44\ud310\uc801 \ub17c\ud3c9\uc744 \ubc1c\ud45c\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. \ud574\uc548 \uac70\ubc84\ub10c\uc2a4\uc640 \ub18d\ucd0c \uac1c\ubc1c \ubd84\uc57c\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e4\uc218\uc758 \ub17c\ubb38\uc744 \ucd9c\ud310\ud55c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4. \ucd5c\uadfc \ub17c\ubb38\uc740 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2024.106783\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2024.106783<\/a> \uc5d0\uc11c \ud655\uc778\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.[\/vc_column_text]<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"tdi_5\" class=\"tdc-row\"><div class=\"vc_row tdi_6  wpb_row td-pb-row\" >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_6,\r\n                .tdi_6 .tdc-columns{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }.tdi_6,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_6 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_6:before,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_6:after{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: table;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"vc_column tdi_8  wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-column td-pb-span12\">\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_8{\r\n                    vertical-align: baseline;\r\n                }.tdi_8 > .wpb_wrapper,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_8 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_8 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_8 > .wpb_wrapper > .vc_row_inner{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_8 > .wpb_wrapper{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t    height: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\" >[vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\ucc38\uace0<\/strong> <strong>\ubb38\ud5cc<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Andriesse, Edo. 2020. \u201cLocal differentiation in diversification challenges in eleven coastal villages in Iloilo Province, Philippines.\u201d <em>European Journal of Development Research<\/em> 32: 652-671. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41287-019-00233-3\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41287-019-00233-3<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Andriesse, Edo. 2023. \u201cCould climate finance help lift fishing communities out of poverty? <a href=\"https:\/\/globaldev.blog\/author\/edo-andriesse\/\">https:\/\/globaldev.blog\/author\/edo-andriesse\/<\/a> (Accessed 18\/May\/2025)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Andriesse, Edo and Lee, Zack. 2021. \u201cResisting the coastal squeeze through village associations? Comparing environmental, organizational, and political challenges in Philippine seaweed growing communities.\u201d <em>Journal of Agrarian Change<\/em> 21(3): 485-503. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joac.12405\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/joac.12405<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Department of Science and Technology. 2024. \u201cTyphoon Kristine\u2019s Impact on Agriculture: Crop Losses, Infrastructure Damage, and Market Disruptions\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/ispweb.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph\/typhoon-kristines-impact-on-agriculture-crop-losses-infrastructure-damage-and-market-disruptions\/\">https:\/\/ispweb.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph\/typhoon-kristines-impact-on-agriculture-crop-losses-infrastructure-damage-and-market-disruptions\/<\/a> (Accessed 16\/May\/2025)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">German Watch. 2025. \u201cClimate Risk Index 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.germanwatch.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-02\/Climate%20Risk%20Index%202025.pdf\">https:\/\/www.germanwatch.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-02\/Climate%20Risk%20Index%202025.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">International Labour Organisation. 2024. \u201cILO Helpdesk: Business and a Just Transition.\u201d <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ilo.org\/resource\/other\/ilo-helpdesk-business-and-just-transition\">www.ilo.org\/resource\/other\/ilo-helpdesk-business-and-just-transition<\/a> (Accessed 20\/May\/2025)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Napata, Ruby, Espectato, Liberty and Serofia, Genna. 2020. \u201cClosed season policy in Visayan Sea, Philippines: A second look. Ocean and Coastal Management 187. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2020.105115\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2020.105115<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Stockholm Environment Institute. 2024. \u201cThe Silent Crisis of Asia-Pacific\u2019s sinking cities\u201d. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sei.org\/events\/the-silent-crisis-of-asia-pacifics-sinking-cities\/\">https:\/\/www.sei.org\/events\/the-silent-crisis-of-asia-pacifics-sinking-cities\/<\/a> (Accessed 15\/May\/2025)<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text]<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\uc774 \uae00\uc740 \ub3d9\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc5d0\uc11c \ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8\ub85c \uc778\uad6c\uac00 \ub9ce\uc740 \uad6d\uac00\uc778 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \ud574\uc548 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc0dd\uacc4\uc5d0 \uc8fc\ubaa9\ud55c\ub2e4. \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \uc804\uccb4 \uc778\uad6c\ub294 \uc57d 1\uc5b5 1,400\ub9cc \uba85\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\uba70, \uc774 \uc911 \uc57d 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