{"id":5737,"date":"2022-06-28T09:26:21","date_gmt":"2022-06-28T00:26:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/?p=5737"},"modified":"2026-03-24T08:15:15","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T08:15:15","slug":"cross-the-yalu-river-and-fight-against-american-imperialism-a-chongqing-case-study-of-the-ccps","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/?p=5737","title":{"rendered":"\u201cCross the Yalu River and Fight against American Imperialism\u201d: A Chongqing case study of the CCP\u2019s radio-based propaganda on the Korean War"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><div id=\"tdi_1\" class=\"tdc-row\"><div class=\"vc_row tdi_2  wpb_row td-pb-row\" >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_2,\r\n                .tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }.tdi_2,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_2:before,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_2:after{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: table;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"vc_column tdi_4  wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-column td-pb-span12\">\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_4{\r\n                    vertical-align: baseline;\r\n                }.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .vc_row_inner{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t    height: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\" >[vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><b><strong>T<\/strong><\/b><b><strong>ang\u00a0Sanjiao<\/strong><\/b>\u00a0(SNUAC)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The\u00a0title\u00a0of\u00a0this\u00a0article\u00a0quotes\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0song\u00a0of\u00a0China\u2019s\u00a0army\u00a0participating\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0War.\u00a0From\u00a0the\u00a01950s\u00a0until\u00a0today,\u00a0it\u00a0was\u00a0also\u00a0the\u00a0same\u00a0song\u00a0that\u00a0symbolizes\u00a0the\u00a0CCP\u2019s\u00a0propaganda\u00a0on\u00a0China\u2019s\u00a0involvement\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0War.\u00a0Focusing\u00a0on\u00a0materials\u00a0related\u00a0to\u00a0a\u00a0radio\u00a0station\u00a0run\u00a0in\u00a0Chongqing\u00a0between\u00a01950\u00a0and\u00a01954,\u00a0this\u00a0article\u00a0conducts\u00a0a\u00a0regional\u00a0case\u00a0study\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0CCP\u00a0(Chinese\u00a0Communist\u00a0Party)\u00a0\u2019s\u00a0radio-based\u00a0propaganda\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0War.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As\u00a0Brady\u00a0(2016:\u00a03)\u00a0indicates,\u00a0propaganda\u00a0\u201chas\u00a0always\u00a0been\u00a0an\u00a0essential\u00a0element\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0CCP\u2019s\u00a0hold\u00a0on\u00a0power.\u201d\u00a0Upon\u00a0taking\u00a0over\u00a0China\u00a0Mainland\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0end\u00a0of\u00a01949,\u00a0radio\u00a0broadcasting\u00a0was\u00a0regarded\u00a0as\u00a0\u201cone\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0effective\u00a0tools\u00a0for\u00a0massive\u00a0propaganda\u00a0and\u00a0education.\u201d<a href=\"#_edn1\" name=\"_ednref1\">[i]<\/a>\u00a0As\u00a0the\u00a0most\u00a0advanced\u00a0kind\u00a0of\u00a0media\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a01950s,\u00a0the\u00a0CCP\u00a0was\u00a0eager\u00a0to\u00a0make\u00a0use\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0radio\u00a0for\u00a0propaganda\u00a0as\u00a0soon\u00a0as\u00a0its\u00a0national\u00a0regime\u00a0was\u00a0established.<\/p>\n<p style=\"clear: both; text-align: justify;\">As a domestic context for the CCP\u2019s foundation and operation of radio broadcasting in the early 1950s, there were six Large-scale Administrative Regions (Da xingzhengqu) across China (from 1950 to 1954) (See Figure 1). They played the role between the central level and the provinces. At the same time, a radio station was established by each region. As the CCP was promoting its radio broadcasting network from the central to the basic levels, these regional radio stations indispensably functioned as intermediate links in this process. Among the six regions, Chongqing hosted the Government of Southwest China Administrative Region and the People\u2019s Radio Station of Southwest China (Xinan renmin guangbo diantai). Between 1938 and 1945, Chongqing was the Wartime Capital of China.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5766\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5766\" style=\"width: 722px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5766\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"722\" height=\"572\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure1.png 722w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure1-300x238.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure1-200x158.png 200w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure1-400x317.png 400w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure1-600x475.png 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5766\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a01.\u00a0Six\u00a0Large-scale\u00a0Administrative\u00a0Regions\u00a0of\u00a0China<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Next to China, the 6\u00b725 War in 1950 initiated the three-year warfare on the Korean Peninsula. In that October, the Chinese army dispatched by the CCP crossed the Yalu River (Amnok River) and participated in the war until 1953. In China, the participation in fighting against the armed forces of South Korea and the UN is widely known as Kangmei yuanchao (Resisting the U.S. and aiding North Korea). Behind the Chinese people\u2019s prevalent misperception of the Korean War, it was the CCP\u2019s propaganda in which radio broadcasting began to play a significant role from the same period.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">It was also the first time that the CCP\u2019s propaganda contributed essentially to justifying China\u2019s involvement in international tensions. From then on, beyond remaining critical for the CCP\u2019s hold on power (as Brady figures out), to defend the CCP\u2019s legitimacy, propaganda neither loses its crucial status in justifying China\u2019s tension with certain countries, as what is happening under the most recent collision between China and the U.S. Although the specific kind of media used for propaganda shifted with the advancements of technologies, the CCP is always keen to make full use of the most advanced type of media to optimize its propaganda effectiveness. In the 1950s, radio broadcasting was the most advanced, while nowadays, Internet-based technologies are unprecedentedly facilitating the potential of propaganda. In this sense, to understand today\u2019s China, it is necessary to understand the CCP\u2019s propaganda. To understand the CCP\u2019s propaganda, it is necessary to understand its tried and tested strategies based on media technologies, many of which originated from the ways the CCP used to propagate China\u2019s involvement in the Korea War, as this article aims to argue and explore.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In the field of modern Chinese history, neither the CCP\u2019s radio broadcasting nor its propaganda strategies received much attention from the international academia, although recent years witnessed several achievements with related topics. Regarding the radio broadcasting in Communist China, Wang Yu (2019) conducts an in-depth exploration, probably for the first time, of what Chinese people heard on the radio during the Maoist era. Concentrating on the CCP\u2019s strategies for propaganda, Annie-Marie Brady contributed pioneering research in 2016. As for China\u2019s role in the Korean War, historians\u2019 discussions have been in and out of China. Among them, the results of Shen Zhihua, a Chinese researcher, should by no means be overlooked by international academia. Despite the restrictions in the Chinese academy, he has valuable publications exposing the realities of the participation of China in the Korean War, which are too plentiful to be listed in this article. However, as an intersection of the three areas of scholarship mentioned above, a study specifically dealing with the CCP\u2019s radio propaganda on China\u2019s involvement in the Korean War is yet to come, not to mention a case study based on old and primary sources found in China, most of which have not been accessed or explored by researchers before.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In\u00a0early\u00a01951,\u00a0the\u00a0Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Radio\u00a0Station\u00a0received\u00a0a\u00a0letter\u00a0from\u00a0a\u00a0student.\u00a0The\u00a0student\u00a0wanted\u00a0to\u00a0share\u00a0the\u00a0transformation\u00a0of\u00a0his\u00a0or\u00a0her\u00a0thought\u00a0before\u00a0and\u00a0after\u00a01949\u00a0(the\u00a0time\u00a0when\u00a0the\u00a0CCP\u00a0founded\u00a0its\u00a0national\u00a0regime).<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0Although,\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0editor\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0journal\u00a0of\u00a0<i><em>Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Broadcasting<\/em><\/i> commented, the process of the transformation was not persuasive, the student was quite frank in disclosing his or her previous dream that was politically incorrect after 1949. The dream was to go to the U.S. to receive higher education. For his or her part, studying in the U.S. could promise an enviable and comfortable life. Based on the information mentioned in the letter, the writer was from a county seat, probably near Chongqing City. It was a surprising fact that before 1949 even county-level youngsters in China dreamed of studying in the U.S. Behind such an American dream, it was reasonable that a good impression of American aid groups which Chongqing hosted during World War Two played a significant role. In 1945, when the U.S. aid groups were going to return, Chongqing witnessed a farewell meeting participated by tens of thousands of people.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Under\u00a0this\u00a0background,\u00a0for\u00a0the\u00a0CCP,\u00a0it\u00a0was\u00a0not\u00a0an\u00a0easy\u00a0task\u00a0to\u00a0convince\u00a0many\u00a0Chinese\u00a0people,\u00a0such\u00a0as\u00a0those\u00a0in\u00a0Chongqing,\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0necessity\u00a0of\u00a0participating\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0war\u00a0against\u00a0the\u00a0U.S.\u00a0army.\u00a0However,\u00a0drastic\u00a0shifts\u00a0in\u00a0people\u2019s\u00a0attitudes\u00a0toward\u00a0the\u00a0U.S.,\u00a0as\u00a0expected\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0CCP,\u00a0did\u00a0happen.\u00a0Between\u00a01950\u00a0and\u00a01951,\u00a0the\u00a0Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Radio\u00a0Station\u00a0broadcasted\u00a0plenty\u00a0of\u00a0articles,\u00a0many\u00a0of\u00a0which\u00a0were\u00a0selected\u00a0to\u00a0be\u00a0published\u00a0again\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0station\u2019s\u00a0official\u00a0journal,\u00a0emphasizing\u00a0the\u00a0point\u00a0that\u00a0listening\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0radio\u00a0helped\u00a0local\u00a0people\u00a0understand\u00a0the\u00a0necessity\u00a0of\u00a0fighting\u00a0against\u00a0the\u00a0U.S.\u00a0army\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0Peninsula.\u00a0(See\u00a0Figure\u00a02)\u00a0As\u00a0another\u00a0way\u00a0to\u00a0express\u00a0the\u00a0support,\u00a0on\u00a0a\u00a0broadcasting\u00a0convention\u00a0focusing\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0War,\u00a0large\u00a0amounts\u00a0of\u00a0money,\u00a0goods,\u00a0and\u00a0jewelry\u00a0were\u00a0donated\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0spot.<sup>3<\/sup><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5767\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5767\" style=\"width: 1125px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5767\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1125\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure2.png 1125w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure2-300x152.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure2-1024x520.png 1024w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure2-768x390.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure2-200x102.png 200w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure2-400x203.png 400w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure2-600x305.png 600w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure2-800x406.png 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1125px) 100vw, 1125px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5767\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a02.\u00a0News\u00a0articles\u00a0emphasizing\u00a0the\u00a0necessity\u00a0of\u00a0fighting\u00a0against\u00a0the\u00a0U.S.\u00a0army\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0Peninsula<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">How could the radio-based propaganda achieve such a challenging goal? Through carefully reading and analyzing the broadcasting of Southwest China Radio Station, especially the content related to the Korean War, at least four key strategies were applied in the CCP\u2019s radio-based propaganda and significantly contributed to convincing local residents.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The\u00a0first\u00a0strategy\u00a0is\u00a0institutionalizing\u00a0the\u00a0ways\u00a0that\u00a0guaranteed\u00a0the\u00a0radio\u00a0to\u00a0reach\u00a0its\u00a0audience.\u00a0In\u00a0practice,\u00a0the\u00a0strategy\u00a0included\u00a0founding\u00a0a\u00a0regular\u00a0system\u00a0of\u00a0<i><em>shouyinyuan<\/em><\/i>\u00a0and\u00a0establishing\u00a0the\u00a0network\u00a0for\u00a0receiving\u00a0the\u00a0radio.\u00a0<i><em>Shouyinyuan<\/em><\/i>\u00a0was\u00a0a\u00a0vocation\u00a0that\u00a0probably\u00a0never\u00a0existed\u00a0in\u00a0many\u00a0other\u00a0countries.\u00a0Their\u00a0job\u00a0was\u00a0to\u00a0promote\u00a0and\u00a0organize\u00a0residents\u00a0to\u00a0listen\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0radio\u00a0broadcasting.\u00a0According\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0official\u00a0requirement,\u00a0in\u00a0every\u00a0county,\u00a0there\u00a0should\u00a0be\u00a0at\u00a0least\u00a0two\u00a0<i><em>shouyinyuan<\/em><\/i>.<sup>4<\/sup>\u00a0In\u00a0cities\u00a0with\u00a0a\u00a0large\u00a0population,\u00a0the\u00a0number\u00a0of\u00a0<i><em>shouyinyuan<\/em><\/i>\u00a0should\u00a0be\u00a0even\u00a0more.\u00a0For\u00a0instance,\u00a032\u00a0<i><em>shouyinyuan<\/em><\/i>\u00a0from\u00a023\u00a0factories\u00a0and\u00a0enterprises\u00a0in\u00a0Chongqing\u00a0City\u00a0were\u00a0trained\u00a0by\u00a0Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Radio\u00a0Station.<sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0Each\u00a0<i><em>shouyinyuan<\/em><\/i>\u00a0was\u00a0responsible\u00a0for\u00a0keeping\u00a0and\u00a0taking\u00a0care\u00a0of\u00a0a\u00a0radio,\u00a0which\u00a0was\u00a0generally\u00a0scarce\u00a0at\u00a0that\u00a0time.\u00a0Besides\u00a0mobilizing\u00a0and\u00a0organizing\u00a0audiences,\u00a0for\u00a0enlarging\u00a0the\u00a0extent\u00a0of\u00a0radio\u00a0broadcasting,\u00a0many\u00a0outreach\u00a0activities\u00a0were\u00a0conducted\u00a0by\u00a0<i><em>shouyinyuan,\u00a0<\/em><\/i>including\u00a0blackboard\u00a0newspapers,\u00a0mimeograph\u00a0newspapers,\u00a0and\u00a0loudspeakers\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0rooftop.\u00a0All\u00a0were\u00a0used\u00a0to\u00a0timely\u00a0disseminate\u00a0the\u00a0information\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0radio.\u00a0More\u00a0importantly,\u00a0according\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0requirement\u00a0from\u00a0the\u00a0central\u00a0level,\u00a0all\u00a0<i><em>shouyinyuan\u00a0<\/em><\/i>were\u00a0formal\u00a0staff\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0government,\u00a0and\u00a0their\u00a0salaries\u00a0should\u00a0be\u00a0included\u00a0in\u00a0the\u00a0budget\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0cities\u00a0or\u00a0counties.\u00a0In\u00a0China\u00a0after\u00a01949,\u00a0this\u00a0is\u00a0a\u00a0crucial\u00a0standard\u00a0for\u00a0judging\u00a0if\u00a0a\u00a0person\u00a0is\u00a0institutionalized.\u00a0If\u00a0all\u00a0<i><em>shouyinyuan\u00a0<\/em><\/i>were\u00a0covered\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0government\u00a0budget,\u00a0it\u00a0meant\u00a0that\u00a0this\u00a0new\u00a0vocation\u00a0was\u00a0totally\u00a0institutionalized.\u00a0Institutionalizing\u00a0<i><em>shouyinyuan\u00a0<\/em><\/i>significantly guaranteed a regular and long-term system in making residents stay informed from the radio. As a proof of <i><em>shouyinyuan\u2019s<\/em><\/i> ability of organization and mobilization, numbers of large-scale broadcasting conventions were held in Chongqing. At least two of them focused on the Korean War, and each was participated by more than hundreds of thousands of audiences in Chongqing and the whole Southwest China. (See Figure 3)<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5768\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5768\" style=\"width: 1266px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5768\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1266\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure3.png 1266w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure3-300x114.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure3-1024x388.png 1024w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure3-768x291.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure3-200x76.png 200w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure3-400x152.png 400w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure3-600x227.png 600w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure3-800x303.png 800w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure3-1200x455.png 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1266px) 100vw, 1266px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5768\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a03.\u00a0News\u00a0articles\u00a0on\u00a0broadcasting\u00a0conventions\u00a0in\u00a0Chongqing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Secondly,\u00a0it\u00a0was\u00a0the\u00a0politicized\u00a0content\u00a0that\u00a0always\u00a0took\u00a0the\u00a0major\u00a0part\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0radio.\u00a0Through\u00a0a\u00a0rough\u00a0calculation\u00a0based\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0program\u00a0lists\u00a0of\u00a0Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Radio\u00a0Station\u00a0and\u00a0Chongqing\u00a0Radio\u00a0Station\u00a0(Chongqing\u00a0Station\u00a0was\u00a0led\u00a0by\u00a0Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Station),\u00a0those\u00a0programs\u00a0directly\u00a0related\u00a0to\u00a0politics\u00a0and\u00a0obviously\u00a0belonging\u00a0to\u00a0propaganda\u00a0took\u00a0a\u00a0proportion\u00a0of\u00a055\u00a0per\u00a0cent,\u00a0except\u00a0for\u00a0Sunday.\u00a0(See\u00a0Figure\u00a04)\u00a0This\u00a0statistic\u00a0did\u00a0not\u00a0take\u00a0the\u00a0programs\u00a0of\u00a0culture\u00a0and\u00a0entertainment\u00a0into\u00a0consideration.\u00a0Many\u00a0of\u00a0them\u00a0were,\u00a0in\u00a0fact,\u00a0also\u00a0propaganda\u00a0tools\u00a0in\u00a0cultural\u00a0forms.\u00a0Behind\u00a0the\u00a0dominative\u00a0status\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0political\u00a0agenda,\u00a0it\u00a0was\u00a0the\u00a0politicized\u00a0environment\u00a0in\u00a0which\u00a0everyone\u00a0was\u00a0required\u00a0to\u00a0declare\u00a0where\u00a0one\u00a0stood.\u00a0As\u00a0an\u00a0article\u00a0published\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Radio\u00a0Station,\u00a0those\u00a0staying\u00a0removed\u00a0from\u00a0politics\u00a0were\u00a0severely\u00a0criticized.<sup>6<\/sup> In practice, audiences were required to express their opinions upon listening to the radio. As for the specific content of the politics-related programs, those focusing on the Korean War, usually or even successively, took a major part in the program list. For example, from April to May 1951, for eight consecutive days, the broadcasting from the Southwest China Station was featured with programs propagating China\u2019s participation in the Korean War.<sup>7<\/sup><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5769\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5769\" style=\"width: 1024px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5769\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure4.png 1024w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure4-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure4-768x428.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure4-200x112.png 200w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure4-400x223.png 400w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure4-600x335.png 600w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure4-800x446.png 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5769\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a04.\u00a0The\u00a0program\u00a0lists\u00a0of\u00a0Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Radio\u00a0Station\u00a0and\u00a0Chongqing\u00a0Radio\u00a0Station<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Furthermore,\u00a0it\u00a0was\u00a0the\u00a0demonization\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0U.S.,\u00a0which\u00a0characterized\u00a0almost\u00a0every\u00a0radio\u00a0program\u00a0focusing\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0War.\u00a0More\u00a0importantly,\u00a0in\u00a0order\u00a0for\u00a0fully\u00a0justifying\u00a0the\u00a0war\u00a0against\u00a0the\u00a0U.S.\u00a0army,\u00a0the\u00a0demonization\u00a0was\u00a0achieved\u00a0through\u00a0various\u00a0perspectives.\u00a0For\u00a0example,\u00a0the\u00a0VOA\u00a0program\u00a0was\u00a0propagandized\u00a0as\u00a0\u201cthe\u00a0most\u00a0indecent\u00a0producer\u00a0of\u00a0fake\u00a0news.\u201d<sup>8<\/sup>\u00a0Japan,\u00a0which\u00a0was\u00a0under\u00a0the\u00a0control\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0U.S.\u00a0at\u00a0that\u00a0time,\u00a0was\u00a0another\u00a0hot\u00a0topic.<sup>9<\/sup> Through reminding Chongqing people of the hatred for Japanese invaders, the goal was still to ignite the hatred for Americans. In addition to raking over the past, tactics of fabricating groundless stories were frequently used to deepen the demonized image of the U.S. There was a storytelling performance in Chinese folk-art form broadcasted by the Southwest China Radio Station. It told a story about the U.S. army\u2019s outrage in a town near Chongqing during the World War Two.<sup>10<\/sup> Obviously, it is a totally groundless story fabricated for propaganda function. Similar tactics were also utilized when talking about the Korean warfare, which would be more helpful for igniting Chinese people\u2019s direct hatred for the U.S. army on the Korean Peninsula. On one of the aforementioned large-scale broadcasting conventions in Chongqing, a man returning from Korea shared his experiences in the war. As he declared, more than 15 thousand people were killed by the U.S. army in Pyongyang.<sup>11<\/sup> Although without a specialization in the Korean War, it is still safe to regard this recollection as totally fake news.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Last\u00a0but\u00a0not\u00a0least,\u00a0the\u00a0audience\u00a0groups\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0radio\u00a0broadcasting\u00a0were\u00a0maximized\u00a0as\u00a0many\u00a0as\u00a0possible.\u00a0Students,\u00a0factory\u00a0workers,\u00a0soldiers,\u00a0peasants,\u00a0and\u00a0women,\u00a0even\u00a0including\u00a0those\u00a0who\u00a0stayed\u00a0at\u00a0home,\u00a0were\u00a0all\u00a0target\u00a0audiences\u00a0of\u00a0Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Radio\u00a0Station.\u00a0The\u00a0maximized\u00a0and\u00a0diversified\u00a0groups\u00a0of\u00a0audiences\u00a0helped\u00a0guarantee\u00a0the\u00a0effect\u00a0of\u00a0propaganda.\u00a0Among\u00a0all\u00a0the\u00a0audiences,\u00a0a\u00a0major\u00a0target\u00a0group\u00a0was\u00a0the\u00a0pupils\u00a0in\u00a0primary\u00a0schools.\u00a0The\u00a0emphasis\u00a0on\u00a0propagating\u00a0toward\u00a0children\u00a0prolonged\u00a0its\u00a0influences\u00a0for\u00a0several\u00a0more\u00a0decades.\u00a0For\u00a0fully\u00a0disclosing\u00a0how\u00a0the\u00a0CCP\u2019s\u00a0propaganda\u00a0cultivated\u00a0hatred\u00a0in\u00a0children\u2019s\u00a0minds,\u00a0there\u00a0was\u00a0one\u00a0more\u00a0thing\u00a0extremely\u00a0worthy\u00a0of\u00a0being\u00a0mentioned,\u00a0although\u00a0it\u00a0was\u00a0not\u00a0directly\u00a0related\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0Korean\u00a0War.\u00a0In\u00a0the\u00a0early\u00a01950s,\u00a0a\u00a0students\u2019\u00a0composition\u00a0competition\u00a0was\u00a0organized\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Radio\u00a0Station.\u00a0After\u00a0the\u00a0competition,\u00a0the\u00a0one\u00a0receiving\u00a0the\u00a0highest\u00a0score\u00a0among\u00a0all\u00a0the\u00a0first\u00a0prize\u00a0compositions\u00a0was\u00a0published\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0station\u2019s\u00a0journal.\u00a0(See\u00a0Figure\u00a05)\u00a0Titled\u00a0as\u00a0<i><em>My\u00a0Father\u00a0is\u00a0My\u00a0Enemy<\/em><\/i>, the composition was about the pupil author\u2019s thought transformation after his\/her father was arrested due to spy suspicion. The pupil was influenced deeply by a radio story in which a boy killed his spy father with poison. Then the author generated deep hatred for his\/her spy father too. In such a composition competition with a propaganda background, choosing this one as the NO. 1 first prize clarified the CCP\u2019s strong willingness to cultivate hatred in children\u2019s minds, not only for foreign countries like the U.S. but also for the so-called \u201cdomestic enemies\u201d who might threaten the regime.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Upon understanding these four key strategies, we will not feel surprised in front of the surprising effect of the CCP\u2019s radio-based propaganda on China\u2019s necessity of involving in the Korean War. When the institutionalized system maximized the audience groups of the radio broadcasting, which was highly politicized with plenty of demonized images of the U.S., the CCP\u2019s propaganda on the Korean War has even become a source of Chinese people\u2019s collective memory that remains alive for several generations. Nowadays, every time the CCP needs to remind Chinese people of its unpleasant relationship with the U.S., the song quoted at the beginning of this article probably will be heard again from Chinese media with a propaganda background.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Currently,\u00a0specific\u00a0forms\u00a0and\u00a0methods\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0CCP\u2019s\u00a0propaganda\u00a0are\u00a0swiftly\u00a0developing\u00a0with\u00a0the\u00a0progress\u00a0of\u00a0technologies,\u00a0especially\u00a0including\u00a0the\u00a0Internet.\u00a0Yet,\u00a0if\u00a0capturing\u00a0the\u00a0essence\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0CCP\u2019s\u00a0propagandistic\u00a0activities\u00a0despite\u00a0external\u00a0variations,\u00a0strategies\u00a0similar\u00a0to\u00a0what\u00a0this\u00a0article\u00a0explores\u00a0keep\u00a0working\u00a0effectively,\u00a0especially\u00a0when\u00a0the\u00a0CCP\u00a0involves\u00a0international\u00a0tensions.\u00a0But\u00a0the\u00a0similarity\u00a0over\u00a070\u00a0years\u00a0is\u00a0not\u00a0astounding\u00a0at\u00a0all,\u00a0since\u00a0all\u00a0history\u00a0is\u00a0contemporary\u00a0history,\u00a0as\u00a0a\u00a0famous\u00a0saying\u00a0goes.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5770\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5770\" style=\"width: 875px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure5.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5770\" src=\"http:\/\/diverseasia.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure5.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"875\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure5.png 875w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure5-300x237.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure5-768x606.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure5-200x158.png 200w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure5-400x315.png 400w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure5-600x473.png 600w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Tang_Figure5-800x631.png 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 875px) 100vw, 875px\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5770\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a05.\u00a0The\u00a0composition\u00a0\u201cMy\u00a0Father\u00a0is\u00a0My\u00a0Enemy\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><strong>Bio<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><strong>Sanjiao\u00a0Tang<\/strong><\/b>(stan953@aucklanduni.ac.nz)\u00a0<b><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/b>received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Auckland in December 2021. Focusing on the history of Mao\u2019s China, he bases his work on primary sources, including official records, such as archives, gazetteers, brochures, and private materials like diaries, notebooks, account books, and unpublished memoirs. Benefitting from them, his research distinguishes from most existing ones. Now he is a visiting research fellow at SNUAC. One of his current projects is re-accessing the CCP\u2019s propaganda in the early 1950s, including its propaganda on the Korean War toward Chinese people at the grassroots.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>Primary\/Old\u00a0Sources:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1\u00a0\u201cGeji\u00a0lingdao\u00a0jiguan\u00a0yingdang\u00a0youxiaode\u00a0liyong\u00a0wuxiandian\u00a0guangbo\u00a0(The\u00a0authorities\u00a0at\u00a0each\u00a0level\u00a0should\u00a0effectively\u00a0make\u00a0use\u00a0of\u00a0radio\u00a0broadcasting).\u201d\u00a0<i><em>Renmin\u00a0ribao\u00a0<\/em><\/i>(<i><em>People\u2019s\u00a0Daily<\/em><\/i>),\u00a0June\u00a06,\u00a01950.<\/p>\n<p>2\u00a0\u201cGuanyu\u00a0xie\u00a0sixiang\u00a0zhuanbian\u00a0de\u00a0jige\u00a0wenti\u00a0(Several\u00a0issues\u00a0about\u00a0writing\u00a0thought\u00a0transformation).\u201d\u00a0<i><em>Xinan\u00a0guangbo<\/em><\/i>\u00a0(<i><em>Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Broadcastin<\/em><\/i><i><em>g<\/em><\/i>)\u00a02&amp;3,\u00a0April\u00a01951,\u00a018.<\/p>\n<p>3\u00a0\u201cXinan\u00a0gedi\u00a0baiwan\u00a0qunzhong\u00a0relie\u00a0shouting\u00a0zhiyuanjun\u00a0daibiao\u00a0de\u00a0guangbo\u00a0baogao\u00a0(Millions\u00a0of\u00a0people\u00a0in\u00a0Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0enthusiastically\u00a0listened\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0broadcasting\u00a0report\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0representative\u00a0solider\u00a0returning\u00a0from\u00a0Korea).\u201d\u00a0<i><em>Xinan\u00a0guangbo<\/em><\/i>\u00a0(<i><em>Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Broadcastin<\/em><\/i><i><em>g<\/em><\/i>)\u00a04&amp;5,\u00a0June\u00a01951,\u00a017.<\/p>\n<p>4\u00a0\u00a0Xinan\u00a0renmin\u00a0guangbo\u00a0diantai.\u00a01951.\u00a0\u201cGuanyu\u00a0jianli\u00a0shouyinwang\u00a0de\u00a0buchong\u00a0banfa\u00a0(Supplementary\u00a0solutions\u00a0about\u00a0founding\u00a0the\u00a0network\u00a0for\u00a0receiving\u00a0the\u00a0broadcasting).\u201d\u00a0<i><em>Shoulian\u00a0tongxun\u00a0<\/em><\/i>(internal\u00a0materials)\u00a01,\u00a0April,\u00a04-5.<\/p>\n<p>5\u00a0\u00a0Xinan\u00a0renmin\u00a0guangbo\u00a0diantai.\u00a01951.\u00a0\u201cXinan\u00a0renmin\u00a0guangbo\u00a0diantai\u00a0shouyinyuan\u00a0xunlianban\u00a0dierqi\u00a0xiaojie\u00a0(A\u00a0short\u00a0summary\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0second\u00a0term\u00a0of\u00a0training\u00a0class\u00a0for\u00a0<i><em>shouyinyuan<\/em><\/i>\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Radio\u00a0Station).\u201d\u00a0<i><em>Shoulian\u00a0tongxun\u00a0<\/em><\/i>(internal\u00a0materials)\u00a01,\u00a0April,\u00a015-16.<\/p>\n<p>6\u00a0\u201cFandui\u00a0buwen\u00a0zhengzhi\u00a0de\u00a0qingxiang\u00a0(Opposing\u00a0the\u00a0trend\u00a0of\u00a0staying\u00a0removed\u00a0from\u00a0politics).\u201d\u00a0<i><em>Xinan\u00a0guangbo<\/em><\/i>\u00a0(<i><em>Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Broadcastin<\/em><\/i><i><em>g<\/em><\/i>)\u00a011,\u00a0November\u00a01951,\u00a023.<\/p>\n<p>7\u00a0\u201cXinan\u00a0renmin\u00a0guangbo\u00a0diantai\u00a0si\u00a0wuyuefen\u00a0bianbo\u00a0gongzuo\u00a0zonghe\u00a0baogao\u00a0(An\u00a0integrated\u00a0report\u00a0on\u00a0the\u00a0editing\u00a0and\u00a0broadcasting\u00a0work\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Radio\u00a0Station).\u201d\u00a0<i><em>Xinan\u00a0guangbo<\/em><\/i>\u00a0(<i><em>Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Broadcastin<\/em><\/i><i><em>g<\/em><\/i>)\u00a06,\u00a0July\u00a01951,\u00a021-22.<\/p>\n<p>8\u00a0\u201cJuting\u00a0meiguo\u00a0zhiyin,\u00a0quzhu\u00a0zaoyao\u00a0zhiyin\u00a0(Refuse\u00a0to\u00a0listen\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0VOA\u00a0and\u00a0expel\u00a0the\u00a0VOA).\u201d\u00a0<i><em>Xinan\u00a0guangbo<\/em><\/i>\u00a0(<i><em>Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Broadcastin<\/em><\/i><i><em>g<\/em><\/i>)\u00a02&amp;3,\u00a0April\u00a01951,\u00a027-28.<\/p>\n<p>9\u00a0\u201cJianjue\u00a0fandui\u00a0Meiguo\u00a0wuzhuang\u00a0riben\u00a0(Firmly\u00a0oppose\u00a0militarize\u00a0Japan\u00a0by\u00a0the\u00a0U.S.).\u201d\u00a0<i><em>Xinan\u00a0guangbo<\/em><\/i>\u00a0(<i><em>Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Broadcastin<\/em><\/i><i><em>g<\/em><\/i>)\u00a04&amp;5,\u00a0June\u00a01951,\u00a016.<\/p>\n<p>10\u201cYuanchou\u00a0haiyang\u00a0shen\u00a0(The\u00a0hatred\u00a0is\u00a0as\u00a0deep\u00a0as\u00a0the\u00a0sea).\u201d\u00a0<i><em>Xinan\u00a0guangbo<\/em><\/i>\u00a0(<i><em>Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Broadcastin<\/em><\/i><i><em>g<\/em><\/i>)\u00a02&amp;3,\u00a0April\u00a01951,\u00a038-39.<\/p>\n<p>11\u00a0Zhao\u00a0Guoyou\u00a0(Min\u00a0Buyang\u00a0recorded).\u00a0\u201cYingxiong\u00a0de\u00a0renmin,\u00a0yingxiong\u00a0de\u00a0jundui:\u00a0wo\u00a0dao\u00a0Chaoxian\u00a0qu\u00a0weiwen\u00a0guilai\u00a0de\u00a0jidian\u00a0tihui\u00a0(Heroic\u00a0people\u00a0and\u00a0heroic\u00a0army:\u00a0my\u00a0several\u00a0feelings\u00a0after\u00a0finishing\u00a0consolation\u00a0and\u00a0returning\u00a0from\u00a0Korea).\u201d\u00a0<i><em>Xinan\u00a0guangbo<\/em><\/i>\u00a0(<i><em>Southwest\u00a0China\u00a0Broadcastin<\/em><\/i><i><em>g<\/em><\/i>)\u00a06,\u00a0July\u00a01951,\u00a010-11.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>References:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Brady,\u00a0Annie-Marie.\u00a02016.\u00a0<i><em>Marketing\u00a0dictatorship:\u00a0propaganda\u00a0and\u00a0thought\u00a0work\u00a0in\u00a0contemporary\u00a0China<\/em><\/i>.\u00a0Lanham:\u00a0Rowman\u00a0&amp;\u00a0Littlefield\u00a0Publishers.<\/li>\n<li>Wang,\u00a0Yu.\u00a02019.\u00a0\u201cListening\u00a0to\u00a0the\u00a0State:\u00a0Radio\u00a0and\u00a0the\u00a0Technopolitics\u00a0of\u00a0Sound\u00a0in\u00a0Mao\u2019s\u00a0China.\u201d\u00a0Ph.D.\u00a0Diss.,\u00a0University\u00a0of\u00a0Toronto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text]<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Whenever China involves international tension, as the most recent situation caused by the Sino-U.S. conflict from 2018, the CCP\u2019s propaganda toward Chinese people becomes primarily significant for maintaining its legitimacy and promoting nationalist activism. Many of the core ways now in use surprisingly echo the CCP\u2019s propaganda on its participation in the Korean War over 70 years ago. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5770,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1683,1679],"tags":[857,858,895,924,928],"class_list":{"0":"post-5737","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-1683","8":"category-1679","9":"tag-china","10":"tag-chongqing","11":"tag-korean-war","12":"tag-propaganda","13":"tag-radio-broadcasting"},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5737","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5737"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5737\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11037,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5737\/revisions\/11037"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5770"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5737"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5737"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5737"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}