{"id":12215,"date":"2026-10-13T08:58:16","date_gmt":"2026-10-13T08:58:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/?p=12215"},"modified":"2026-10-16T07:40:06","modified_gmt":"2026-10-16T07:40:06","slug":"%ec%82%b0%ec%97%85%ed%99%94-%ea%b2%bd%ec%9f%81%ec%97%90%ec%84%9c-%eb%94%b0%eb%9d%bc%ec%9e%a1%ea%b8%b0-%ed%95%84%eb%a6%ac%ed%95%80%ec%9d%98-%eb%ac%b8%ec%a0%9c%ec%99%80-%ed%95%a8%ec%a0%95-%ec%a0%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/?p=12215","title":{"rendered":"\uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc5d0\uc11c \ub530\ub77c\uc7a1\uae30: \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\uc640 \ud568\uc815, \uc804\ub9dd"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><div id=\"tdi_1\" class=\"tdc-row\"><div class=\"vc_row tdi_2  wpb_row td-pb-row\" >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_2,\r\n                .tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }.tdi_2,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_2:before,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_2:after{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: table;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"vc_column tdi_4  wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-column td-pb-span12\">\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_4{\r\n                    vertical-align: baseline;\r\n                }.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .vc_row_inner{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t    height: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\" >[vc_acf field_group=&#8221;99&#8243; field_from_99=&#8221;field_606aa6f1c30dd&#8221; align=&#8221;right&#8221;]<div class=\"wpb_wrapper td_block_empty_space td_block_wrap vc_empty_space tdi_6 \"  style=\"height: 10px\"><\/div>[vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12223\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12223\" style=\"width: 1672px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12223 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Trinidad-01.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1672\" height=\"941\" data-wp-editing=\"1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Trinidad-01.png 1672w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Trinidad-01-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Trinidad-01-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Trinidad-01-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Trinidad-01-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Trinidad-01-746x420.png 746w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Trinidad-01-150x84.png 150w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Trinidad-01-696x392.png 696w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Trinidad-01-1068x601.png 1068w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1672px) 100vw, 1672px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12223\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\ucd9c\ucc98: ChatGPT \uc0dd\uc131 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0(Generated by Chat GPT)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654 \uce21\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e4\ub978 \ub3d9\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574 \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \ub4a4\ucc98\uc838 \uc654\ub2e4. \ub9c8\ub9ac\uce74\ub974 \ud53c\uc5d0\ub2e4\ub4dc(Maricar Piedad)\ub294 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\uc774 \u2018\uc800\ubc1c\uc804\uc5d0 \uac07\ud600 \uc788\ub2e4\u2019\uace0 \uc124\uba85\ud588\ub2e4. 20\uc138\uae30 \uc911\ubc18\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\uc774 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub192\uc740 \uc131\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \ubcf4\uc600\uc74c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc740 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc744 \ub298\ub9ac\ub294 \ub370 \uc2e4\ud328\ud588\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. 1970\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub7ec \ud55c\uad6d\uacfc \ub300\ub9cc, \ub3d9\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uc77c\ubd80 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uc218\ucd9c\uc774 \uae09\uc99d\ud558\uace0 \uc774\ub4e4 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\uccb4\ub4e4\uc774 \uae30\uc220\uc744 \uace0\ub3c4\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ub3d9\uc548, \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\uc758 \uc131\uc7a5\ub960\uc740 \ud558\ub77d\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uc911\uc2ec\uc5d0\ub294 1970\ub144\ub300 \ud6c4\ubc18\ubd80\ud130 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc758 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \ud6c4\ud1f4\ub97c \ucd08\ub798\ud55c \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc2e4\ucc45\uc774 \uc790\ub9ac\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\ub85c \ubc29\ud5a5\uc744 \ub3cc\ub9ac\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc5ed\uc124\uc801\uc774\uac8c\ub3c4 \uc774\ub97c \uc774\ub044\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub9c8\ub974\ucf54\uc2a4 \uc8fc\ub2c8\uc5b4(Marcos Jr.) \uc815\ubd80\ub2e4. \uadf8\uc758 \uc544\ubc84\uc9c0\uc778 \ub9c8\ub974\ucf54\uc2a4 \uc804 \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uc758 \uc815\ucc45\ub4e4\uc774 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\uc758 \ub454\ud654\ub97c \ucd08\ub798\ud588\ub358 \ubc18\uba74, \ub9c8\ub974\ucf54\uc2a4 \uc8fc\ub2c8\uc5b4 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\ub97c \ub05d\uae4c\uc9c0 \ucd94\uc9c4\ud558\ub824\ub294 \uc758\uc9c0\uac00 \ub354 \ud655\uace0\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4. \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \uc9c0\uc815\ud559\uc801\u00b7\uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \ubcc0\ud654, \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd \uc7ac\ud3b8, \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5\uc758 \uae09\uc18d\ud55c \uc131\uc7a5, \ub179\uc0c9\uacbd\uc81c\ub85c\uc758 \uc804\ud658, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc790\uad6d\uc774 \uad00\ub9ac\u00b7\ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\ub294 \ud575\uc2ec\uad11\ubb3c \uc790\uc6d0\uc774 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\ub294 \uc7a0\uc7ac\uc801 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc744 \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uace0, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ubcc0\ud654\uc640 \uc790\uad6d\uc758 \uc790\uc0b0\uc744 \uc720\ub9ac\ud558\uac8c \ud65c\uc6a9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc774 \uae00\uc740 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\uc758 \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc640, 1970\ub144\ub300 \uc774\ud6c4 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uad6d\uac00\uac00 \ub0b4\ub9b0 \ubd80\uc2e4\ud55c \uc815\ucc45 \uacb0\uc815\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\ub97c \uac00\ub85c\ub9c9\uc544 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\ub41c \uad6d\uac00\uac00 \ub418\ub824\ub294 \uc2dc\ub3c4\uc5d0 \uc2ec\uac01\ud55c \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\ucce4\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \ucd94\uc801\ud55c\ub2e4. \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \ub178\ub3d9\ub825\uc758 \ud574\uc678 \uc1a1\ucd9c\uc744 \ud655\ub300\ud574 \uacbd\uc81c\ub97c \uc9c0\ud0f1\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc131\uacf5\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc5ed\uc124\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub294 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \uae30\ubc18\uc744 \uc57d\ud654\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. 2000\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub7ec \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\ub97c \ucd94\uc9c4\ud558\ub824\ub294 \ub178\ub825\uc774 \uac15\ud654\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uad6d\uac00 \uc815\ucc45\uacfc, Piedad (2026)\uac00 \uc9c0\uc801\ud55c \uc678\uad6d\uc778 \ud22c\uc790 \uc8fc\ub3c4 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uacfc\ub3c4\ud55c \uc758\uc874\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \uc870\ub9bd\u00b7\uac80\uc0ac\u00b7\ud328\ud0a4\uc9d5\uc5d0 \uba38\ubb34\ub974\uba74\uc11c \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uac00\uce58\uc0ac\uc2ac\uc758 \ud558\ub2e8\uc5d0 \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub9c8\uc9c0\ub9c9\uc73c\ub85c \uc774 \uae00\uc740 \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uac00\uce58\uc0ac\uc2ac\uc5d0\uc11c \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \uc704\uce58\ub97c \uc7ac\uc815\ub9bd\ud558\ub824\ub294 \ud604 \ud589\uc815\ubd80\uc758 \ub178\ub825\uacfc, \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc774 \ub2e4\uc74c \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654 \uae30\ud68c\ub9c8\uc800 \uc783\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc7a0\uc7ac\uc801 \ud568\uc815\ub4e4\uc744 \uac80\ud1a0\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc798\ubabb\ub41c \uacbd\uc81c \uc815\ucc45\uc774 \ucd08\ub798\ud55c \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\uc758 \ub454\ud654<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc774\uc6c3 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574 \uc0c1\ub300\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud0c4\ud0c4\ud55c \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5 \uae30\ubc18, \uad50\uc721\ubc1b\uace0 \uc601\uc5b4\ub97c \uad6c\uc0ac\ud558\ub294 \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\uce35, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub2f9\uc2dc \uc138\uacc4 \ucd5c\ub300 \uacbd\uc81c\uc600\ub358 \ubbf8\uad6d \uc2dc\uc7a5\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc6b0\ub300 \uc811\uadfc\uad8c\uc740 \ud55c\ub54c \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc774 \uc5ed\ub0b4 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5 \uac15\uad6d\uc73c\ub85c \uc131\uc7a5\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc5ec\uac74\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud588\ub2e4(Masina, 2026). \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\uc740 20\uc138\uae30 \ucd08\ubc18\ubd80\ud130 \uc911\ubc18\uae4c\uc9c0 \ub192\uc740 \uc131\uc7a5\ub960\uc744 \uae30\ub85d\ud558\uc5ec \ub2e4\ub978 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uacfc\uc758 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5 \uaca9\ucc28\ub97c \uc904\uc77c \uc218 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4(Williamson and de Dios, 2014). \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 1970\ub144\ub300\ubd80\ud130 1990\ub144\ub300\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\uc774 \uae09\uc131\uc7a5\ud558\ub294 \ub3d9\uc548\uc5d0\ub3c4, \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \ubd80\ubb38\uc740 \ud574\ub2f9 \uae30\uac04\uc5d0 \uc131\uc7a5\uc774 \ubbf8\ubbf8\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uac70\uc758 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc2ec\uac01\ud55c \uc815\uccb4\ub97c \uacaa\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774 \ubd80\ubb38\uc758 \uace0\uc6a9 \uc99d\uac00 \uc5ed\uc2dc \ud604\uc800\ud788 \uc815\uccb4\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ub3d9\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc640 \ub3d9\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\uac00 \uc2ec\ud654\ub418\ub294 \ub3d9\uc548 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\ub294 \uc815\uccb4\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\uac00 \ubcf8\uaca9\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c4\uc804\ub418\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \ub370\uc5d0\ub294 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc774\uc720\uac00 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubb38\ud5cc\ub4e4\uc5d0\uc11c \ucda9\ubd84\ud788 \ub17c\uc758\ub418\uc5b4 \uc654\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uc911\uc5d0\ub294 1970\ub144\ub300 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \uc815\uce58\u00b7\uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \ubd88\uc548\uc815\ub3c4 \ud3ec\ud568\ub41c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc138\uacc4\uacbd\uc81c\uc5d0 \uc11c\ube44\uc2a4 \ub178\ub3d9\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc73c\ub85c\uc758 \uc804\ud658 \uc5ed\uc2dc \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\uc774 \uc624\ub7ab\ub3d9\uc548 \uc815\uccb4\ub41c \uc774\uc720 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\uc600\ub2e4. Masina (2026)\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \ub178\ub3d9 \uc774\uc8fc \uc815\ucc45\uc740 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\ub97c \ud76c\uc0dd\ud55c \ub300\uac00\ub85c \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4. \ub178\ub3d9 \uc774\uc8fc\ub85c \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud55c \uc18c\ub4dd\uacfc \uc678\ud654\ub294 \uacbd\uc7c1\ub825 \uc788\ub294 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5 \uae30\ubc18\uc744 \uad6c\ucd95\ud558\ub824\ub294 \uc720\uc778\uc744 \uc57d\ud654\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\ub4e4\uc758 \ud574\uc678 \uc774\uc8fc\ub85c \ub178\ub3d9 \uacf5\uae09\uc740 \uc904\uc5b4\ub4e4\uace0 \uc1a1\uae08\uc740 \ub298\uc5b4\ub0ac\ub2e4. \uc784\uae08\uc774 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc131\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ube60\ub974\uac8c \uc0c1\uc2b9\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uad6d\ub0b4 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\uccb4 \uc218\uac00 \uac10\uc18c\ud588\ub2e4. \ub354\uc6b1\uc774 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \uae30\ubc18\uc744 \uad6c\ucd95\ud558\ub294 \ub370\uc5d0\ub294 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc790\ubcf8\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c \uc704\ud574\uc11c\ub294 \ud22c\uc790\uc640 \ud22c\uc790\uc790\ub97c \uc804\ub7b5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub3d9\uc6d0\ud574\uc57c \ud588\uc73c\uba70, \ub2e4\ub978 \ub3d9\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc6b0\uc704\ub97c \ud655\ubcf4\ud574\uc57c \ud588\ub2e4. \uacbd\uc81c\ub97c \uc9c0\ud0f1\ud558\ub294 \uc77c\uc774 \uc808\ubc15\ud588\ub358 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uad6d\ub0b4 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\uacfc \uace0\uc6a9\uc744 \uac15\ud654\ud558\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub178\ub3d9\ub825 \uc218\ucd9c\uc5d0 \ub354 \ub9ce\uc774 \ud22c\uc790\ud558\ub294 \ube44\uc804\ud615\uc801\uc778 \uacbd\ub85c\ub97c \ud0dd\ud588\ub2e4. \uc77c\ubd80 \uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \ubc0f \ub77c\ud2f4\uc544\uba54\ub9ac\uce74 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc774 \uadf8\ub7ac\ub358 \uac83\ucc98\ub7fc \uc1a1\uae08\uc561\uc744 \uc218\ucd9c \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5 \ubd80\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc7ac\ud22c\uc790\ud560 \uc218\ub3c4 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc774\uc8fc\ubbfc\uacfc \uadf8 \uac00\uc871\ub4e4\uc774 \uc1a1\uae08\uc561\uc744 \uc18c\ube44\uc7ac\uc640 \uc11c\ube44\uc2a4, \ubd80\ub3d9\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ud22c\uc790\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ucf54\ub77c\uc190 \uc544\ud0a4\ub178(Corazon Aquino)\uc640 \uadf8 \ub4a4\ub97c \uc774\uc740 \ud589\uc815\ubd80\ub4e4\uc740 \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \ub178\ub3d9\ub825 \uc218\ucd9c \uc815\ucc45\uacfc \uad00\ub828 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc744 \uac15\ud654\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc815\ucc45\uc740 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc131\uacf5\uc801\uc774\uc5b4\uc11c \uc774\uc8fc\uc815\ucc45\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c(Migration Policy Institute, 2008)\uac00 \u2018\uac1c\ubc1c\ub3c4\uc0c1\uad6d \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc5b4\ub290 \uacf3\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uacac\uc904 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub294\u2019 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubb18\uc0ac\ud55c \uaddc\ubaa8\uc758 \uc774\uc8fc\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uc8fc\uc815\ucc45\uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c\ub294 \uc77c\uc2dc\uc801 \uc774\uc8fc\ub97c \uad00\ub9ac\ud558\ub294 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \uc774\uc8fc \uccb4\uacc4\ub97c \u2018\uc815\uad50\ud568\uc5d0\uc11c \uacac\uc904 \uc0c1\ub300\uac00 \uc5c6\ub294\u2019 \uccb4\uacc4\ub85c \ubb18\uc0ac\ud588\uc73c\uba70, \u2018\ub2e4\ub978 \uac1c\ubc1c\ub3c4\uc0c1\uad6d\uc758 \ubaa8\ubc94\u2019\uc774\ub77c\uace0\ub3c4 \ud3c9\uac00\ud588\ub2e4. \uc218\ub144 \ub3d9\uc548 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uacbd\uc81c\ub294 \ud574\uc678 \uacc4\uc57d \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ubcf8\uad6d\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\ub0b4\uc628 \uc218\uc2ed\uc5b5 \ub2ec\ub7ec\uc758 \uc1a1\uae08\uc73c\ub85c \uc9c0\ud0f1\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub178\ub3d9 \uc774\uc8fc\ub294 \uad6d\ub0b4 \ub178\ub3d9\uc2dc\uc7a5\uc774 \ud761\uc218\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \uace0\ud559\ub825 \uc778\uad6c\uc5d0\uac8c \uc77c\uc790\ub9ac\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud588\uc73c\uba70, \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc778\uc758 \uc18c\ub4dd\uc744 \ud5a5\uc0c1\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud574, \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \uc774\uc8fc \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \uae30\ubc18\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0\uc11c\ub3c4 \uacbd\uc81c\ub97c \uc9c0\ud0f1\ud558\uba70 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc5d0 \uae30\uc5ec\ud588\uace0, \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uac00\uc815\ub4e4\uc744 \uc911\uac04\uc18c\ub4dd \uacc4\uce35\uc73c\ub85c \ub04c\uc5b4\uc62c\ub838\ub2e4. Masina\uac00 \uc9c0\uc801\ud558\ub4ef \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uacbd\uc81c\ub294 \ubd95\uad34\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\uace0, \u2018\uc7a5\uae30\uc801\uc778 \uc815\uccb4\ub3c4 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70\u2019, \u2018\uae09\uaca9\ud55c \uacbd\uc81c \ubd95\uad34\u2019\ub3c4 \uc5c6\uc5c8\uace0, \u2018\uacbd\uc81c\ub294 \uc548\uc815\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\u2019. \uc774\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \ud574\uc678 \uc774\uc8fc\ub294 \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \uace0\uc6a9\u00b7\uacbd\uc81c \uc815\ucc45\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \ub354\uc6b1 \ub9e4\ub825\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc2e4\ud589 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc774\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc774\uc8fc\uac00 \uacbd\uc81c\uc5d0 \uae30\uc5ec\ud588\uc74c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc9c4\ubcf4\uc801 \uc9d1\ub2e8\ub4e4\uc740 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \uc774\uc8fc \uc815\ucc45\uc744 \ube44\ud310\ud574 \uc654\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\uc8fc\uc5d0 \uae30\ubc18\ud55c \uad6d\uac00 \ubc1c\uc804 \uc815\ucc45\uc774 \uad6d\ub0b4 \uacbd\uc81c\ub97c \ubc1c\uc804\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ub370 \uc2e4\ud328\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud588\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d\uacfc \ub300\ub9cc, \ub9d0\ub808\uc774\uc2dc\uc544, \ud0dc\uad6d, \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8\uc774 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc131\uc744 \ub192\uc774\ub294 \uc218\ucd9c \uc9c0\ud5a5 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5 \ubd80\ubb38\uc744 \uad6c\ucd95\ud55c \ubc18\uba74, \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \uc131\uc7a5\uc740 \uc8fc\ub85c \ub178\ub3d9\ub825\uc758 \uc720\uc785\uacfc \uc1a1\uae08\uc774 \ucd09\uc9c4\ud55c \uc18c\ube44\uc5d0 \uae30\ubc18\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \uc131\uc7a5\uc740 \ub0ae\uc740 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc131\uc744 \ud2b9\uc9d5\uc73c\ub85c \ud588\ub2e4. \uacbd\uc81c \ubc1c\uc804 \uc804\ub7b5\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc774\uc8fc \uc815\ucc45\uc774 \uc9c0\ub2cc \uade0\uc5f4\uc740 \uc804 \uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \ucf54\ub85c\ub09819 \ud32c\ub370\ubbf9\uc774 \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uba74\uc11c \ub69c\ub837\ud574\uc84c\ub2e4. \ud32c\ub370\ubbf9\uc73c\ub85c 200\ub9cc \uba85\uc774 \ub118\ub294 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \ud574\uc678 \ub178\ub3d9\uc790(OFWs, overseas Filipino workers)\uac00 \uadc0\uad6d\ud574\uc57c \ud588\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub294 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uacbd\uc81c\uc5d0 \ubd80\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\ucce4\ub2e4. \uc774\uc8fc\ubbfc\uc758 \ubcf8\uad6d \uadc0\ud658\uacfc \ud574\uc678 \ub178\ub3d9\uc2dc\uc7a5\uc758 \ud3d0\uc1c4\ub294 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uad00\ub8cc\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc774\uc8fc\uac00 \uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \ucda9\uaca9\uc5d0 \ucde8\uc57d\ud55c \uc131\uc7a5 \uc804\ub7b5\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc744 \ubf08\uc544\ud504\uac8c \uae68\ub2eb\uac8c \ud588\ub2e4. \uc1a1\uae08\uc561\uc740 \ub192\uc740 \uc218\uc900\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uadc0\ud658 \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\ub4e4\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc77c\uc790\ub9ac\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0b4\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uad6d\ub0b4 \uace0\uc6a9\uc758 \ub300\uc548\uc73c\ub85c\uc11c \uc774\uc8fc\uac00 \uac16\ub294 \ud55c\uacc4\uac00 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0ac\ub2e4. \uc1a1\uae08\uacfc \uadf8\uac83\uc774 \uacbd\uc81c\uc5d0 \uae30\uc5ec\ud558\ub294 \ubc14\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uacfc\ub3c4\ud55c \uc758\uc874\uc740 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc774 \ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc548\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uad6d\ubbfc\uc18c\ub4dd\uc758 \uc6d0\ucc9c\uc774 \ub420 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5 \uae30\ubc18\uc744 \uad6c\ucd95\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc131\uacf5\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\uc74c\uc744 \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc758 \ud568\uc815<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc740 \uc774\ub974\uba74 1970\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \ud398\uc5b4\ucc28\uc77c\ub4dc(Fairchild), \uc778\ud154(Intel), \ud14d\uc0ac\uc2a4 \uc778\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub8e8\uba3c\ud2b8(Texas Instruments), \uc570\ucf54(Amkor)\uc758 \ud6c4\uacf5\uc815 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc2dc\uc124\uc774 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc804\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc2dc\uc791\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc804\uc790\uc81c\ud488 \uc81c\uc870 \ud5c8\ube0c\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. OECD (2024)\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 \uc774\ub4e4 \uae30\uc5c5\uc758 \uad6d\ub0b4 \uc0ac\uc5c5\uc740 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc744 \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uc804\uc790\uc81c\ud488 \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd\uc5d0 \ud3b8\uc785\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. \uc774 \uae30\uac04 \ub3d9\uc548 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc740 \uc678\uad6d\uc778 \uc9c1\uc811\ud22c\uc790\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud574 \uc654\uc73c\uba70, \ubbf8\uad6d\u00b7\ud55c\uad6d\u00b7\uc11c\uc720\ub7fd \uae30\uc5c5\ub4e4\uc774 \uc8fc\uc694 \ud22c\uc790 \uc8fc\uccb4\uc600\uace0 \ub300\ub9cc\uacfc \uc77c\ubcf8\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\uc785\ub418\ub294 \ud22c\uc790\ub3c4 \ub298\uc5b4\ub098\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud604\uc7ac \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc5d0\uc11c \uc790\ud68c\uc0ac\ub97c \uc6b4\uc601\ud558\ub294 \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uae30\uc220 \ub300\uae30\uc5c5\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \ud14d\uc0ac\uc2a4 \uc778\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub8e8\uba3c\ud2b8, \uc628\uc138\ubbf8(onsemi), \uc544\ub0a0\ub85c\uadf8 \ub514\ubc14\uc774\uc2a4(Analog Devices), \uc570\ucf54 \ud14c\ud06c\ub180\ub85c\uc9c0(Amkor Technology), \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 ST\ub9c8\uc774\ud06c\ub85c\uc77c\ub809\ud2b8\ub85c\ub2c9\uc2a4(STMicroelectronics)\uc640 \ub125\uc2a4\ud398\ub9ac\uc544(Nexperia), \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 SFA\ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4(SFA Semicon)\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc678\uad6d\uc778 \uc9c1\uc811\ud22c\uc790(FDI)\ub294 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc5d0 \uc218\uc2ed\uc5b5 \ub2ec\ub7ec\uc758 \ud22c\uc790\ub97c \uac00\uc838\uc654\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c OECD \ubcf4\uace0\uc11c(2024)\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc81c\ud488\uc774 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc0c1\ud488 \uc218\ucd9c\uc758 \uc0c1\ub2f9 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \ucc28\uc9c0\ud558\uba74\uc11c \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uc138\uacc4 9\uc704\uc758 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc218\ucd9c\uad6d\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7fc\uc5d0\ub3c4 \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\uc740 \uad6d\ub0b4 \uacf5\uae09\uc5c5\uccb4 \ubc0f \uc0b0\uc5c5\uacfc\uc758 \uc5f0\uacc4\uac00 \uc81c\ud55c\uc801\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \u2018\uc595\ub2e4\u2019\ub294 \ube44\ud310\uc801\uc778 \ud3c9\uac00\ub97c \ubc1b\uc544 \uc654\ub2e4(Piedad, 2026).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd\uc758 \ub9d0\ub2e8\uc5d0 \uba38\ubb3c\ub7ec \uc788\ub2e4. \uad6d\ub0b4 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \uc8fc\uccb4\ub4e4\uc774 \uace0\ubd80\uac00\uac00\uce58\uc758 \uc0c1\ub958 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub098 \uc911\ub958 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc758 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ucc38\uc5ec\ud558\ub294 \ub300\uc2e0, \uc870\ub9bd\u00b7\uac80\uc0ac\u00b7\ud328\ud0a4\uc9d5(Assembly, Testing, and Packaging, ATP)\uc5d0\ub9cc \uad00\uc5ec\ud558\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uc0c1\ub958 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc758 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc740 \uc9c0\uc2dd \uc9d1\uc57d\uc801 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uba70, \uc911\ub958 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc758 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc740 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc81c\uc870\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc0b0\uc5c5 \uc774\uc775\uc758 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc740 \uc774 \ub450 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0 \uc9d1\uc911\ub41c\ub2e4. \uc0c1\ub958 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc758 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc740 \ubbf8\uad6d\uacfc \uc601\uad6d, \ub300\ub9cc, \ud55c\uad6d, \uc911\uad6d \uac19\uc740 \uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \uc8fc\uc694 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc774 \ub3c5\uc810\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub3d9\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc2f1\uac00\ud3ec\ub974\uac00 \ub300\ub9cc, \ud55c\uad6d, \uc911\uad6d \ub4f1\uacfc \ud568\uaed8 \uc911\ub958 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc758 \uc81c\uc870 \uad6d\uac00 \ub300\uc5f4\uc5d0 \ud569\ub958\ud574 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub9d0\ub808\uc774\uc2dc\uc544\uc640 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540, \ud0dc\uad6d, \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8 \uac19\uc740 \ub3d9\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \ubaa8\ub450 \ud558\ub958 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc758 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc5d0 \uc9d1\uc911\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uadf8\uc911 \ub9d0\ub808\uc774\uc2dc\uc544\uac00 \uc5ed\ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \ub192\uc740 \uc2dc\uc7a5\uc810\uc720\uc728\uc744 \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4. \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uac00\uce58\uc0ac\uc2ac\uc758 \uc0c1\ub958\u00b7\uc911\ub958 \ub2e8\uacc4 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dd\uacfc \uc790\ubcf8\uc5d0 \uae30\ubc18\ud55c \uac00\uce58 \ub300\uc2e0, \ub178\ub3d9\uc5d0 \uae30\ubc18\ud55c \uac00\uce58\ub9cc\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. \uc548\ud0c0\uae5d\uac8c\ub3c4 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \ubc18\uc138\uae30 \ub3d9\uc548 \uc774 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc5d0 \ucc38\uc5ec\ud574 \uc654\uc74c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ub9d0\ub808\uc774\uc2dc\uc544\uc640 \ubca0\ud2b8\ub0a8\uc5d0 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc6b0\uc704\ub97c \uc783\uc5b4\uac00\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uc9c0\ub09c 50\ub144\uac04 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \ub2e4\uad6d\uc801 \ub300\uae30\uc5c5\ub4e4\uc744 \uc720\uce58\ud574 \uc654\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uacfc\uc815\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0c1\uc704 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub85c \uc774\ub3d9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ud574\uc8fc\ub294 \uae30\uc220 \uc774\uc804\uc740 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c0\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4. \uc778\ud154\uc774 35\ub144\uac04\uc758 \uc0ac\uc5c5\uc744 \ub9c8\uce58\uace0 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc5d0\uc11c \ucca0\uc218\ud588\uc744 \ub54c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uc790\uad6d\uc758 \uc804\uc790\uc0b0\uc5c5\uc744 \uad6c\ucd95\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ud574\uc8fc\ub294 \uae30\uc220 \uc774\uc804\uc758 \ud61c\ud0dd\uc744 \uc5bb\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4(Jarabe, 2026; Africa, 2026). \ud14d\uc0ac\uc2a4 \uc778\uc2a4\ud2b8\ub8e8\uba3c\ud2b8 \uc5ed\uc2dc 1970\ub144\ub300\ubd80\ud130 \ub354 \ub192\uc740 \ubd80\uac00\uac00\uce58\uc758 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc5d0 \ud22c\uc790\ud558\ub294 \ub300\uc2e0 \uc0ac\uc5c5\uc744 ATP\uc5d0 \ud55c\uc815\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4(Africa, 2026). \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\uc5c5\uc744 \uc6b4\uc601\ud558\ub294 33\uac1c \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uae30\uc5c5 \uac00\uc6b4\ub370 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc790\ubcf8\uc774 \uc18c\uc720\ud55c \uae30\uc5c5\uc740 \ub450 \uacf3\ubfd0\uc774\ub2e4(Jarabe, 2026). \uc774\ucc98\ub7fc \uad6d\ub0b4 \uc18c\uc720\uac00 \uc81c\ud55c\uc801\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc740 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc758 \ucde8\uc57d\uc131\uc744 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0b4\uba70, \uc774 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc774 \uc595\uc740 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\ub9cc\uc744 \ub0b3\uc558\ub2e4\ub294 \ube44\ud310\uc744 \ub4b7\ubc1b\uce68\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub354\uc6b1\uc774 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4\u00b7\uc804\uc790\uc0b0\uc5c5\uc7ac\ub2e8(Semiconductor and Electronics Industries in the Philippines Foundation, Inc.) \ud68c\uc7a5\uc778 \ube59 \ube44\uc5d0\ub77c(Bing Viera)\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74, \uad6d\ub0b4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0dd\uc0b0\ub418\ub294 \uc81c\ud488\uc740 \ub2e4\ub978 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\ub3c4 \uc27d\uac8c \uc0dd\uc0b0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc800\ubd80\uac00\uac00\uce58 \uc81c\ud488\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc740 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uae30\uc5c5\uc744 \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \ud0c4\ud0c4\ud55c \uc0b0\uc5c5 \uae30\ubc18\uc744 \uad6c\ucd95\ud558\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc678\uad6d\uc778 \ud22c\uc790\uc5d0 \ud06c\uac8c \uc758\uc874\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uc774\uc724\uc774 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc790\uc0ac \uc0ac\uc5c5\uc758 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc744 \uacb0\uc815\ud558\ub294 \ub2e4\uad6d\uc801\uae30\uc5c5\ub4e4\uc758 \uc218\uc911\uc5d0 \uc9d1\uc911\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc74c\uc744 \ub73b\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><!--StartFragment --><\/p>\n<p class=\"pf0\"><span class=\"cf0\">\ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uad6d\uac00 \uc8fc\ub3c4\ud615 \ubc1c\uc804 \uc804\ub7b5\uc744 \ucc44\ud0dd\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc, \uc678\uad6d\uc778 \ud22c\uc790\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud558\ub294 \uacbd\uc81c \uc804\ub7b5\uc774 \uc790\ub9ac \uc7a1\uc558\ub2e4.<\/span><!--EndFragment --> \uc774\ub294 \uc678\uad6d\uc778 \uc9c1\uc811\ud22c\uc790\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud558\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc790\uad6d \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc744 \uad6c\ucd95\ud558\uace0 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc9d1\uc911\ud574 \uc628 \ud55c\uad6d \uac19\uc740 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654 \uc804\ub7b5\uacfc \ub69c\ub837\ud55c \ub300\uc870\ub97c \uc774\ub8ec\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d\uc740 \ub2e4\uad6d\uc801\uae30\uc5c5\uc758 \uc678\uad6d\uc778 \ud22c\uc790\ub97c \uc120\ubcc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc81c\ud55c\ud558\uace0, \uc790\uad6d \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc744 \ub4b7\ubc1b\uce68\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uae30\uc220 \ub3c4\uc785\uacfc \uc5ed\uc124\uacc4\ub97c \uc2e4\uc2dc\ud588\ub2e4. \uc5ed\ub0b4 \ub2e4\ub978 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4 \uc5ed\uc2dc \uc790\uad6d\uc744 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5 \ud5c8\ube0c\ub85c \uc804\ud658\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uad6d\uac00\uc8fc\uc758\uc801 \uacc4\ud68d\uc744 \ucd94\uc9c4\ud558\ub294 \ub4f1 \uc720\uc0ac\ud55c \uc804\ub7b5\uc744 \ub530\ub790\ub2e4. \uc774\uc640 \ub2ec\ub9ac \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc740 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc744 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud560 \ub2e4\ub978 \uad6d\ub0b4 \uae30\uc5c5\ub4e4\uc744 \uc721\uc131\ud558\ub294 \ucd09\ub9e4 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4(Aldaba and Aldaba, 2010). \uad6d\ub0b4 \uae30\uc5c5\ub4e4\uc758 \uacbd\uc7c1\ub825\uc774 \uc57d\ud558\uace0 \uae30\uc220\uc774\ub098 \uc9c0\uc2dd \uc774\uc804\uc744 \ud761\uc218\ud560 \ub2a5\ub825\uc774 \ubd80\uc871\ud588\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc678\uad6d\uc778 \uc9c1\uc811\ud22c\uc790\uc758 \uad6d\ub0b4 \uae30\uc5c5\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud30c\uae09\ud6a8\uacfc\ub294 \ubbf8\ud761\ud588\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \uc218\ucd9c\uac00\uacf5 \ubaa8\ub378\uc740 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\uccb4\ub4e4\uc774 \uc6d0\uc790\uc7ac\ub97c \uc218\uc785\ud558\uace0 \uac00\uc6a9\ud55c \ud604\uc9c0 \ub178\ub3d9\ub825\uc744 \ud65c\uc6a9\ud55c \ub4a4 \uc0dd\uc0b0\ub41c \uc0c1\ud488\uc744 \uc218\ucd9c\ud558\ub294 \uace0\ub9bd\ub41c \uc0dd\uc0b0 \uac70\uc810\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4\ub0c8\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub85c \uc778\ud574 \uad6d\ub0b4 \uae30\uc5c5\uacfc \ud611\ub825\ud560 \uc5ec\uc9c0\ub294 \uac70\uc758 \ub0a8\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\uc758 \uc804\ub9dd\uacfc \uc7a0\uc7ac\uc801 \ud568\uc815<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc798\ubabb\ub41c \uad6d\uac00 \uc815\ucc45\uacfc \uc77c\uad00\ub41c \uc0b0\uc5c5 \uc804\ub7b5\uc758 \ubd80\uc7ac\ub85c \uacfc\uac70\uc758 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654 \uae30\ud68c\ub4e4\uc744 \ub193\ucce4\ub358 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740, \ud2b9\ud788 \uc9c0\ub09c 10\uc5ec \ub144\uac04 \uc138\uacc4\ubb34\uc5ed\uacfc \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uac00\uce58\uc0ac\uc2ac\uc774 \uae09\uc18d\ud788 \ubcc0\ud654\ud558\uba74\uc11c \uc790\uad6d \uacbd\uc81c\uc0ac\uc758 \uc911\ub300\ud55c \uc2dc\uc810\uc5d0 \uc11c \uc788\ub2e4. \ubca0\ub2c8\uadf8\ub178 \uc544\ud0a4\ub178 3\uc138(Benigno Aquino III) \ub300\ud1b5\ub839\uacfc \uadf8\uc758 \ud6c4\uc784\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc778 \uacbd\uc81c\uc131\uc7a5\uc744 \ubcf4\uc7a5\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\uc758 \uc911\uc694\uc131\uc744 \uc778\uc2dd\ud558\uace0 \ub354\uc6b1 \uba85\ud655\ud55c \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654 \uc758\uc81c\ub97c \uc81c\uc2dc\ud588\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c \ub4e4\uc5b4 \uc544\ud0a4\ub178\ub294 \u2018\uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\u00b7\ub18d\uc5c5\u00b7\uc11c\ube44\uc2a4\uc5c5\uc758 \ud1b5\ud569, \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd\uc758 \uacf5\ubc31 \ud574\uc18c, \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uac00\uce58\uc0ac\uc2ac\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc758 \ucc38\uc5ec \uc2ec\ud654\u2019\ub97c \ub2f4\uc740 \u2018\uc885\ud569 \uad6d\uac00 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \uc804\ub7b5(Comprehensive National Industrial Strategy, CNIS)\u2019\uc744 \uc218\ub9bd\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\ud6c4 \ub450\ud14c\ub974\ud14c(Duterte) \uc815\ubd80\ub294 CNIS\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \uacc4\uc2b9\ud558\uace0 \uc774\ub97c \ud655\uc7a5\ud55c \ud3ec\uc6a9\uc801 \ud601\uc2e0 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \uc804\ub7b5(Inclusive Innovation Industrial Strategy)\uc744 \ucd9c\ubc94\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. \ud55c\ud3b8 \ub9c8\ub974\ucf54\uc2a4 \uc8fc\ub2c8\uc5b4 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 2024\ub144 \ud0c0\ud0c1 \ud53c\ub178\uc774\ubc95(Tatak Pinoy Act)\uc744 \ud1b5\uacfc\uc2dc\ud0a8 \ub4a4 2025\ub144 \ud0c0\ud0c1 \ud53c\ub178\uc774 \uc804\ub7b5(Tatak Pinoy Strategy)\uc744 \ucd9c\ubc94\uc2dc\ucf30\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 2025\ub144\ubd80\ud130 2040\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc2dc\ud589\ub418\ub294 \uc57c\uc2ec\ucc2c \ud504\ub85c\uadf8\ub7a8\uc73c\ub85c, \uc815\ubd80\uc640 \ubbfc\uac04 \ubd80\ubb38\uc758 \ub178\ub825\uc744 \uc870\uc728\ud558\uc5ec \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc758 \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uacbd\uc7c1\ub825\uc744 \ud5a5\uc0c1\uc2dc\ud0a4\uace0, \uad6d\ub0b4 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc774 \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uac00\uce58\uc0ac\uc2ac\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0c1\uc704 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub85c \uc774\ub3d9\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \ucd09\uc9c4\ud558\uba70, \uad6d\ub0b4 \uae30\uc5c5\ub4e4\uc774 \ub2e4\uc591\ud558\uace0 \uace0\ub3c4\ud654\ub41c \uc81c\ud488\uacfc \uc11c\ube44\uc2a4\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub3c4\ub85d \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub85c \ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ub9c8\ub974\ucf54\uc2a4 \uc815\ubd80\uc758 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654 \uc815\ucc45\uc744 \uac00\ub2a0\ud558\ub294 \uc2dc\ud5d8\ub300\ub294 \ud30d\uc2a4 \uc2e4\ub9ac\uce74\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \ubbf8\uad6d\uacfc \ubbf8\uad6d\uc774 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ud558\ub294 \ub3d9\ub9f9\uad6d\ub4e4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \uae30\uc220 \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd\uc744 \uad6c\ucd95\ud558\uace0 \uac15\ud654\ud558\ub824\ub294 \ubbf8\uad6d \uc8fc\ub3c4\uc758 \uad6c\uc0c1\uc774\ub2e4. \ubbf8\uad6d\uacfc \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 2026\ub144 4\uc6d4 16\uc77c \uc774 \ud611\uc815\uc5d0 \uc11c\uba85\ud588\ub2e4. Geducos and Hernando-Malipot (2026)\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uc740 \ud0c0\ub97c\ub77c\ud06c(Tarlac)\uc758 \ub274\ud074\ub77c\ud06c\uc2dc\ud2f0(New Clark City)\uc5d0 \u2018\ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4, \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5, \ucca8\ub2e8 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5, \ud575\uc2ec\uad11\ubb3c \uac00\uacf5 \ud65c\ub3d9\u2019\uc744 \uc720\uce58\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uacc4\ud68d\ub41c \ud611\ub825\uc740 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc774 \uac00\uacf5\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ud575\uc2ec\uad11\ubb3c \uacf5\uae09\uad6d\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \uc5ed\ud560\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098 \ucca8\ub2e8 \uace0\ubd80\uac00\uac00\uce58 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5 \ud5c8\ube0c\ub85c \uc804\ud658\ud558\uace0 \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uac00\uce58\uc0ac\uc2ac \ub0b4 \uc785\uc9c0\ub97c \uac15\ud654\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\ub97c \ucd09\uc9c4\ud560 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc0c1\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub9c8\ub974\ucf54\uc2a4\ub294 \ud30d\uc2a4 \uc2e4\ub9ac\uce74 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \ud5c8\ube0c\ub97c \ud575\uc2ec\uad11\ubb3c \uacf5\uae09\uacfc \uac00\uacf5, \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc81c\uc870, \ucca8\ub2e8 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5, \uccad\uc815\uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0 \uae30\uc220, \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5 \ubc0f \ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \uc778\ud504\ub77c\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \uae30\uc220 \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd \uc804\ubc18\uc5d0 \uac78\uce5c \ud1b5\ud569 \uc81c\uc870 \uc0dd\ud0dc\uacc4\ub85c \uad6c\uc0c1\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774 \ud5c8\ube0c\ub294 \ubc30\ud130\ub9ac\uc758 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc6d0\ub8cc\uc778 \uad6c\ub9ac\u00b7\ub2c8\ucf08\u00b7\uc544\uc5f0 \ub4f1\uc758 \uad11\ubb3c \uacf5\uae09\uc744 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\uace0, \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ucc44\uad74\uc744 \ub118\uc5b4 \uad11\ubb3c \uc6d0\ub8cc\uc758 \uc815\uc81c\uc640 \uac00\uacf5\uc744 \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\uac8c \ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uad6c\uc0c1\ub4e4\uc740 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc774 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\ub97c \uc2ec\ud654\uc2dc\ud0ac \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc801\uc778 \uad6d\ub0b4 \uc0dd\ud0dc\uacc4\uc640 \ub2e8\uc808\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uae30\uc874\uc758 \ube44\ud310\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\ud55c\ub2e4. \ud0c0\ud0c1 \ud53c\ub178\uc774\uc640 \ud30d\uc2a4 \uc2e4\ub9ac\uce74\ub294 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \ub178\ub3d9\uc774 \ub178\ub3d9\uc5d0 \uae30\ubc18\ud55c \uac00\uce58\ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc9c0\uc2dd\uc5d0 \uae30\ubc18\ud55c \uac00\uce58\ub3c4 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \uc804\ud658\ud558\uaca0\ub2e4\ub294 \uc57d\uc18d\ub3c4 \ub2f4\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ud611\uc0c1\uc758 \ud575\uc2ec\uc801\uc778 \ubd80\ubd84\ub4e4\uc740 \ud604\uc7ac\uae4c\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc9c4\ud589 \uc911\uc774\ub2e4. \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \ud604\uc9c0\ud654 \uc694\uac74\uc744 \uad00\ucca0\ud558\uace0, \uae30\uc220 \uc774\uc804\uacfc \uacf5\ub3d9\uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ud655\ubcf4\ud558\uba70, \uad6d\ub0b4 \uae30\uc5c5\uc744 \uace0\ubd80\uac00\uac00\uce58 \uae30\ub2a5\uc5d0 \ucc38\uc5ec\uc2dc\ucf1c\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4(Balaoing-Pelkmans, 2026). \uadf8\ub807\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \uc720\ub9ac\ud55c \ud611\uc815\uc744 \ud655\ubcf4\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc2e4\ud328\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e4\uc2dc \ud55c\ubc88 \ub530\ub77c\uc7a1\ub294 \ub370 \uc2e4\ud328\ud560 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uac83\uc774 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \ud611\uc0c1 \uc911\uc774\uace0 \ud604\uc7ac \uc774\uc6a9\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \ubaa8\ub4e0 \uc790\ub8cc\uac00 \uc774 \uc0ac\uc5c5\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc0c1\ud22c\uc801\uc778 \uc124\uba85\ub9cc\uc744 \ub2f4\uace0 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0, \uc774\uac83\uc774 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc758 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654 \ucd94\uc9c4\uc5d0 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc601\ud5a5\uc744 \ubbf8\uce60\uc9c0 \ub9d0\ud558\uae30\uc5d0\ub294 \uc544\uc9c1 \ub108\ubb34 \uc774\ub974\ub2e4. \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \ud611\uc0c1\uc5d0\uc11c \uc720\ub9ac\ud55c \uc870\uac74\uc744 \ud655\ubcf4\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74 \ud30d\uc2a4 \uc2e4\ub9ac\uce74\ub294 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\uc758 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \ucd09\ub9e4\uac00 \ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ubc18\ub300\ub85c \uadf8\ub7ec\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uba74 \uacfc\uac70\uc758 \uc911\ub300\ud55c \uc815\ucc45 \uc2e4\ud328\ub97c \ub418\ud480\uc774\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><!--EndFragment --><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Playing Catch-up in the Industrialization Game: Problems, Pitfalls, and Prospects in the Philippines<\/strong><\/h1>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Philippines has unquestionably lagged behind other Southeast Asian nations in terms of industrialization. Philippine manufacturing has been described by Maricar Piedad as \u201cstuck in underdevelopment,\u201d with the failure of Philippine industries to increase their production despite historically strong growth rates in manufacturing up to the mid-20<sup>th<\/sup> century. By the 1970s, while exports of South Korea, Taiwan, and parts of Southeast Asia surged and manufacturers there upgraded their technologies, the growth rate of Philippine manufacturing declined.\u00a0 Central to this are the ill-conceived policies of the Philippine Government that have contributed to the steady regression of the Philippine industry since the late 1970s.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">However, the Philippine Government is pivoting back toward industrialization led, ironically, by the Marcos Jr. Government.\u00a0 While his father\u2019s policies led to the slowdown of Philippine manufacturing, the Marcos Jr. Government appears to be more resolute in seeing industrialization through. Realizing the potentials presented by global geopolitical and economic shifts, the restructuring of supply chains, the accelerated growth of artificial intelligence, the transition toward a green economy, and the country\u2019s stewardship and control over critical mineral resources, the Philippine state appears to be leveraging these changes and its assets to its advantage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The article will trace the history of Philippine industrialization and how this was curtailed by weak policy decisions made by the Philippine State from the 1970s onwards, which severely impacted the country\u2019s bid to become an industrialized nation. The country invested in labor migration, which succeeded in keeping the economy afloat, but which paradoxically weakened its industrial base. By the 2000s, increased efforts were made to industrialize through the semiconductor industry; however, state policies and what Piedad (2026) calls the country\u2019s overreliance on foreign investment-led industrialization have kept the country at the lower end of the global value chains, remaining in traditional assembly, testing and packaging. Lastly, it will examine the current Administration\u2019s efforts to re-position the Philippines in the global value chains, as well as the potential pitfalls that could cost the Philippines its next shot at industrialization.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Flawed Economic Policies lead to the Slow<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The relative robustness of the Philippines\u2019 manufacturing base compared to its neighbors, its educated and English-speaking class of workers, and its preferential access to the American Market\u2014then the biggest economy in the world\u2014once poised the country to become a manufacturing powerhouse in the region (Masina, 2026).\u00a0 The Philippine manufacturing industry experienced significant growth rates in the early to mid-20<sup>th<\/sup> century that allowed it to reduce its manufacturing gap compared to other countries (Williamson and de Dios, 2014). However, from the 1970s to the 1990s, the industrial sector experienced serious stagnation with marginal to no growth being observed during the period, even as manufacturing in many parts of Asia was surging. Employment in the industry had also stalled significantly. Thus, while industrialization deepened in many parts of Southeast and East Asia, industrialization in the Philippines stagnated.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">There are many reasons for the failure of industrialization to take off in the Philippines, which have been adequately discussed in other literature, among which are the political and economic instabilities in the Philippines in the 1970s. However, the pivot towards the provision of service labor to the global economy was among the reasons why manufacturing stagnated for a long time. The country\u2019s labor migration policy came at the price of industrialization according to Masina (2026). The income and foreign exchange generated by labor migration reduced the incentive to build a competitive manufacturing base. With the emigration of workers, the labor supply thinned and remittances increased. Wages appreciated faster than productivity, leading to the decline in the number of manufacturers in the country. Furthermore, building an industrial base was capital intensive. It required the strategic mobilization of investments and investors, and demanded competitive advantage compared to other Southeast Asian countries. The Philippines, desperate for the economy to stay afloat, took the unconventional route by investing in labor export, more than strengthening the manufacturing industry and employment in the Philippines. While money from remittances could have been reinvested in export-manufacturing sectors like some Asian and Latin American countries did, remittances in the Philippines were invested by migrants and their families in consumer items, services, and real estate.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Corazon Aquino and succeeding administrations fortified the State\u2019s labor export policy and industry. It was so successful that it produced what the Migration Policy Institute (2008) described as a scale of migration that is \u201cunmatched elsewhere in the developing world.\u201d The Philippine migration system managing temporary migration has further been described by the Migration Policy Institute as \u201cunrivaled in sophistication\u201d and is touted as \u201ca model for other developing countries.\u201d For years, the Philippine economy was buoyed by the billions of dollars sent home by its overseas contract workers. It provided employment for its highly educated population that could not be absorbed by the local job markets and has improved the incomes of numerous Filipinos. In other words, the Filipino migrant contingents have kept the economy afloat, contributing to the development of the Philippine economy and catapulting Filipino families to middle income status, despite the absence of an industrial base.\u00a0 Masina notes, the Philippine economy did not collapse, there was \u201cno prolonged stagnation,\u201d there was no \u201cdramatic economic breakdown,\u201d and \u201cthe economy stabilized.\u201d This made emigration seem all the more an attractive and viable state employment and economic policy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Despite the economic contributions of migration, progressive groups have been critical of the Philippine State\u2019s migration policy, arguing that the migration-based national development policy has failed to develop the domestic economy. While South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam built export-oriented manufacturing sectors that fortified their productivity, the growth of the Philippine economy, on the other hand, has largely been based on labor force entry and remittance-fueled consumption. Thus, the growth of the economy was characterized by low-productivity growth. \u00a0The cracks in the migration policy as an economic development strategy became unmistakable with the onset of the global Covid pandemic. The pandemic forced more than two million overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) to return home, negatively affecting the Philippine economy. Migrant repatriation and the closure of foreign labor markets rudely awakened Philippine officials to the fragility of migration as a growth strategy given its vulnerability to global shocks. While the remittances remained high, the inability of the government to generate jobs for repatriated workers exposed the limits of migration as a substitute for domestic employment. The overreliance on remittances and their contributions to the economy underscored the point that the Philippines has not succeeded in building its manufacturing base to serve as a more stable source of national income.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Pitfalls in the Semiconductor Industry <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The semiconductor industry in the Philippines started as early as the 1970s with the relocation of the back-end manufacturing of Fairchild, Intel, Texas Instruments, and Amkor in the Philippines, which made the Philippines an important electronics manufacturing hub in Asia. The operations of these companies in the country placed the Philippines in the global electronics supply chain, according to the OECD (2024).\u00a0 Through these years, the country\u2019s semiconductor industry has been reliant on foreign direct investments, with US, South Korean, and Western European companies as the leading sources of the country\u2019s investments and with a growing contingent of investments coming from Taiwan and Japan.\u00a0 Currently, the global tech giants that operate subsidiaries in the Philippines include American tech companies Texas Instruments, onsemi, Analog Devices, and Amkor Technology; European companies STMicroelectronics and Nexperia; and South Korea\u2019s SFA Semicon.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These FDIs have brought the Philippines billions of dollars in investments. Moreover, a large percentage of the country\u2019s commodity exports are semiconductor products, placing the Philippines in 9<sup>th<\/sup> place among semiconductor exporters in the world, according to an OECD Report (2024). Despite this, this has not translated to industrialization.\u00a0 Manufacturing in the country has, in fact, been disparagingly described as \u201cshallow,\u201d with limited links to domestic suppliers and industries (Piedad, 2026).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Philippines remains at the tail-end of the global supply chains, given that the local industry players are only involved in Assembly, Testing, and Packaging (ATP), instead of high value, upstream or even midstream production.\u00a0 Upstream production involves knowledge-intensive production, while mid-stream production involves fabrication. These two phases are where most of the profits in the industry go. Upstream production is monopolized by big global players like the US, the UK, Taiwan, South Korea, and China. In Southeast Asia, Singapore joins the ranks of the mid-stream fabricators such as Taiwan, South Korea, and China. Southeast Asian countries like Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam are all concentrated in downstream production, with Malaysia cornering the largest market share in the region. The Philippines has only provided labor-driven value instead of the knowledge and capital-driven values provided by upstream and midstream producers in the global value chain. Sadly, the Philippines is losing its competitive edge to Malaysia and Vietnam, despite its involvement in the industry for half a century.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">While the country has hosted semiconductor multinational giants for the last 50 years, no technology transfer has happened that would allow the Philippines to move up the production line. When Intel closed its operations in the Philippines after 35 years of operation, the country never benefited from technological transfer that would have enabled it to set up a homegrown local electronics industry (Jarabe, 2026; Africa, 2026). Texas Instruments has also kept its operations confined to ATP instead of investing in higher value production, since the 1970s (Africa, 2026). Of the 33 semiconductor corporations operating in the Philippines, only two are Filipino-owned (Jarabe, 2026). This limited domestic ownership underscores the weakness of the country\u2019s semiconductor industry and supports the criticism that it has produced only shallow industrialization. Moreover, products produced in the country are low end products that other countries can easily produce, according to Bing Viera, who is the chair of the Semiconductor and Electronics Industries in the Philippines Foundation, Inc.\u00a0 Rather than fostering a robust industrial base of locally owned firms, the industry has remained heavily dependent on foreign investment, which means profits remain concentrated in the hands of multinational corporations, who chart the directions of their companies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The failure of the State to employ state-led development strategies has led to a foreign-investment focused economic strategy. This is in stark contrast to the industrialization strategies of countries like South Korea, which has focused on building and supporting homegrown industries, instead of relying on foreign direct investments. South Korea selectively restricted foreign investment by multinational corporations and carried out technology importation and reverse engineering to prop up its national industries. Other countries in the region have also followed similar strategies, by carrying out nationalist planning in transforming their countries into manufacturing hubs. In contrast, the semiconductor industry in the Philippines has not served as a catalyst to build other local companies to support production (Aldaba and Aldaba, 2010). FDI spillover effects to domestic firms have been deficient because of the weak competitiveness of local firms and their inability to absorb technology or knowledge transfer. The export-processing model also created enclaves where manufacturers imported materials, used available local labor, and exported their goods after production, which left little room for domestic partnerships.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Prospects and Potential Pitfalls for Industrialization <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Having missed industrialization opportunities in the past with its misplaced State policies and the absence of a coherent industrial strategy, the Philippines finds itself in a pivotal moment in its economic history, especially with the rapid changes in the global trade and global value chains over the last decade or so.\u00a0 Realizing the importance of industrialization to ensure sustained economic growth, President Benigno Aquino III and his successors set out clearer industrialization agendas.\u00a0 Aquino, for instance, laid down \u201cThe Comprehensive National Industrial Strategy (CNIS),\u201d integrating \u201cmanufacturing, agriculture, and services; addressing supply chain gaps; and deepening industry participation in global value chains.\u201d The Duterte Government later launched the Inclusive Innovation Industrial Strategy, which picked up some of the aims of the CNIS and more. The Marcos Jr. Government, on the other hand, passed the Tatak Pinoy Act in 2024 and then launched the Tatak Pinoy Strategy in 2025, an ambitious program that would run from 2025 to 2040 that seeks to align government and private sector efforts to improve the global competitiveness of Philippine industries, fostering the upward movement of local industries in the global value chain, and aiding local companies to offer diverse and sophisticated products and services.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=&#8221;<strong>\uc800\uc790 \uc18c\uac1c<\/strong>&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<strong>\uc544\ub974\ub2c8 \ucf54\ub974\ub370\ub85c \ud2b8\ub9ac\ub2c8\ub2e4\ub4dc(Arnie Cordero Trinidad, actrinidad@up.edu.ph)<\/strong>\ub294<br \/>\n\ud544\ub9ac\ud540\ub300\ud559\uad50 \ub51c\ub9ac\ub9cc \uc0ac\ud68c\ud559\uacfc \ubd80\uad50\uc218\ub2e4. \ub354\ube14\ub9b0 \ud2b8\ub9ac\ub2c8\ud2f0 \uce7c\ub9ac\uc9c0\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\ud68c\ud559 \ubc15\uc0ac\ud559\uc704\ub97c \ubc1b\uc558\ub2e4. \ud604\uc7ac \uc720\ub7fd\uc5f0\uad6c\uc704\uc6d0\ud68c(European Research Council)\uc758 \uc9c0\uc6d0\uc744 \ubc1b\ub294 \u2018\ud76c\uc18c\uae08\uc18d \uc2dc\ub300\uc758 \ub179\uc0c9 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc815\ucc45(Green Industrial Policy in the Age of Rare Metals, GRIP-ARM)\u2019 \ud504\ub85c\uc81d\ud2b8\uc5d0 \ucc38\uc5ec\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\uc8fc, \uc7ac\ub09c \uad00\ub9ac, \ud575\uc2ec\uad11\ubb3c, \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \uc218\ud589\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. Sociology, European Societies, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction \ub4f1 \uc8fc\uc694 \uad6d\uc81c\ud559\uc220\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub17c\ubb38\uc744 \ubc1c\ud45c\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Arnie Cordero Trinidad (<\/strong><strong>actrinidad@up.edu.ph<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong><br \/>\nis an associate professor at the Department of Sociology, University of the Philippines Diliman. He has a doctorate in Sociology from Trinity College Dublin. He is currently involved in a European Research Council-funded project Green Industrial Policy in the Age of Rare Metals (GRIP-ARM). He has done research on migration, disaster management, critical minerals, and industrialization. He has published in top international journals such as Sociology, European Societies, and International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction.[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=&#8221;<strong>\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc<\/strong>&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]Africa, Sonny. 2026. &#8220;Pax Silica: Whose Industrialization Is It Anyway?&#8221; IBON Foundation, August 12, 2026.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibon.org\/en\/pax-silica-whose-industrialization-is-it-anyway\/\">https:\/\/www.ibon.org\/en\/pax-silica-whose-industrialization-is-it-anyway\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Aldaba, Rafaelita M., and Fernando T. Aldaba. 2010. &#8220;Do FDI Inflows Have Positive Spillover Effects? The Case of the Philippine Manufacturing Industry.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Philippine Journal of Development<\/em>\u00a037 (2).\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pjd.pids.gov.ph\/site\/volume-issue-view?id=22082\">https:\/\/pjd.pids.gov.ph\/site\/volume-issue-view?id=22082<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Balaoing-Pelkmans, Annette. 2026. &#8220;Pax Silica and the Philippine Industrial Upgrading Challenge.&#8221; UPSE Discussion Paper [2026-06]. Quezon City: University of the Philippines School of Economics.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pre.econ.upd.edu.ph\/upsedp\/index.php\/dp\/article\/download\/1573\/1061\">https:\/\/pre.econ.upd.edu.ph\/upsedp\/index.php\/dp\/article\/download\/1573\/1061<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Geducos, Argyll Cyrus and Hernando-Malipot, Merlina. 2026 \u201cPax Silica: What US seeks, what Philippines may offer, and where interests converge.\u201d<em> Manila Bulletin,<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/mb.com.ph\/2026\/09\/29\/pax-silica-what-us-seeks-what-philippines-may-offer-and-where-interests-converge?hl=en-GB\">https:\/\/mb.com.ph\/2026\/09\/29\/pax-silica-what-us-seeks-what-philippines-may-offer-and-where-interests-converge?hl=en-GB<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Jarabe, Luisa Gabriela. 2026. &#8220;Jobs and Pax Silica: The Song Remains the Same.&#8221; IBON Foundation, June 27, 2026.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibon.org\/jobs-and-pax-silica\/\">https:\/\/www.ibon.org\/jobs-and-pax-silica\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Masina, Pietro. 2026. \u201cWhy the Philippines Never Became Vietnam: Remittances, migration, and growth without industrializing.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/pietromasina.substack.com\/p\/why-the-philippines-never-became\">https:\/\/pietromasina.substack.com\/p\/why-the-philippines-never-became<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Migration Policy Institute. 2008. &#8220;Lessons from the Philippines: MPI Releases Report on Unique Temporary Migration Management System.&#8221; Press release, October 7, 2008.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/news\/lessons-philippines-mpi-releases-report-unique-temporary-migration-management-system\">https:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/news\/lessons-philippines-mpi-releases-report-unique-temporary-migration-management-system<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>OECD. 2024.\u00a0<em>Promoting the Growth of the Semiconductor Ecosystem in the Philippines.<\/em>\u00a0Paris: OECD Publishing.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/promoting-the-growth-of-the-semiconductor-ecosystem-in-the-philippines_01497fea-en.html\">https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/promoting-the-growth-of-the-semiconductor-ecosystem-in-the-philippines_01497fea-en.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Piedad, Maricar. 2026. &#8220;The Curious Case of Philippine Manufacturing.&#8221; IBON Foundation, April 23, 2026.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibon.org\/en\/the-curious-case-of-ph-manufacturing\/\">https:\/\/www.ibon.org\/en\/the-curious-case-of-ph-manufacturing\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Williamson, Jeffrey G., and Emmanuel S. de Dios. 2014. &#8220;Has the Philippines Forever Lost Its Chance at Industrialization?&#8221;\u00a0<em>Philippine Review of Economics<\/em>\u00a051(2):47-66.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/pre.econ.upd.edu.ph\/index.php\/pre\/article\/view\/909\">https:\/\/pre.econ.upd.edu.ph\/index.php\/pre\/article\/view\/909<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Zapanta, Logan Kal-El. 2026. &#8220;Philippines&#8217; Semiconductors Sector Risks Stagnation.&#8221; <em>Philippine Daily Inquirer.<\/em>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/business.inquirer.net\/577167\/ph-chip-sector-risks-stagnation\">https:\/\/business.inquirer.net\/577167\/ph-chip-sector-risks-stagnation<\/a>.[\/vc_column_text]<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \ud55c\ub54c \ub3d9\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \uc8fc\uc694 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5 \ud5c8\ube0c\ub85c \uc131\uc7a5\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc704\uce58\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\ub7ec\ud55c \uae30\ub300\ub97c \uc2e4\ud604\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774 \uae00\uc740 \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc815\uce58 \uc5d8\ub9ac\ud2b8\ub4e4\uc774 \ub0b4\ub9b0 \uc911\ub300\ud55c \uacb0\uc815\ub4e4\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc774 \ub098\ub77c\uc758 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\ub97c \uc815\uccb4\uc2dc\ucf30\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \ucd94\uc801\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc815\uce58\u00b7\uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc704\uae30\uc5d0 \uc2dc\ub2ec\ub9b0 \uad6d\uac00\ub294 \ud574\uc678 \ub178\ub3d9\ub825 \uc1a1\ucd9c\uc5d0 \uc8fc\ub825\ud588\ub294\ub370, \uc774\ub294 \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0\ub294 \uc784\uc2dc\ubc29\ud3b8\uc774\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc774\ud6c4\uc5d0\ub294 \uacbd\uc81c\ub97c \uc9c0\ud0f1\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uc0c1\uc2dc\uc801\uc778 \uc804\ub7b5\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc18c\ube44 \uc8fc\ub3c4\uc758 \uc800\uc0dd\uc0b0\uc131 \uc131\uc7a5\uc5d0 \uc9d1\uc911\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc, \ud544\ub9ac\ud540 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5 \uae30\ubc18\uc758 \uc131\uc7a5\uc774 \uc800\ud574\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ucc98\ub7fc \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5 \ub0b4\uc5d0 \uc131\uacfc\ub97c \ubcf4\uc774\ub294 \ubd84\uc57c\ub3c4 \uc788\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc774\ub294 \ube44\ud310\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ud604\uc7ac \u2018\uc595\uc740 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654\u2019\ub77c\uace0 \ubd80\ub974\ub294 \ud604\uc0c1\uc5d0 \uae30\uc5ec\ud588\uc744 \ubfd0\uc774\ub2e4. \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc758 \ud558\ub958 \ub2e8\uacc4\uc5d0 \uba38\ubb3c\ub800\uc73c\uba70, 50\ub144 \ub3d9\uc548 \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uac00\uce58\uc0ac\uc2ac\uc758 \ud558\ub2e8\uc5d0 \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uad6d\uac00 \uc8fc\ub3c4 \uc804\ub7b5\uc744 \ucd94\uc9c4\ud55c \uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \uc774\uc6c3 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uacfc \ub2ec\ub9ac, \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\uc740 \uc678\uad6d \uc790\ubcf8\uc5d0 \ud06c\uac8c \uc758\uc874\ud558\ub294 \uc790\uc720\uc8fc\uc758\uc801\u00b7\uc2dc\uc7a5 \uc8fc\ub3c4\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c \uc804\ub7b5\uc744 \ucc44\ud0dd\ud588\ub2e4. \ub9c8\ub974\ucf54\uc2a4 \uc8fc\ub2c8\uc5b4 \ud589\uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc774\uc81c \uad6d\ub0b4 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc774 \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uac00\uce58\uc0ac\uc2ac\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0c1\uc704 \ub2e8\uacc4\ub85c \uc62c\ub77c\uc11c\ub3c4\ub85d \ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654 \uae30\ud68c\ub97c \ud65c\uc6a9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ubbf8\uad6d\uc774 \uc8fc\ub3c4\ud558\ub294 \ud30d\uc2a4 \uc2e4\ub9ac\uce74(Pax Silica)\uc640 \uad00\ub828\ub41c \ud611\uc815\ub4e4\uc744 \uccb4\uacb0\ud588\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc774 \ud611\ub825\uc758 \uc131\uacf5 \uc5ec\ubd80\ub294 \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uacfc\uac70\uc758 \uc2e4\uc218\ub97c \ub418\ud480\uc774\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ub370 \ub2ec\ub824 \uc788\ub2e4<br \/>\nThe Philippines was once positioned to become a significant manufacturing hub in Southeast Asia, but has failed to deliver on this promise. The article traces how consequential decisions made by the Philippine political elite stalled industrialization in the country. Pummeled by political and economic crises, the state focused on labor migration, initially as a stopgap measure, but later as a permanent strategy to help its economy stay afloat. The focus on consumption-led, low-productivity growth stunted the country\u2019s manufacturing base. While bright spots in manufacturing existed, such as its semi-conductor industry, this has only contributed to what critics now call \u201cshallow industrialization.\u201d The country has remained at the downstream end of production, keeping the country at the lower end of the global value chains for five decades. Unlike its Asian neighbors that pursued state-led strategies, the Philippines has employed liberal, market-led economic strategies, heavily reliant on foreign capital. The Marcos Jr. administration is now taking advantage of a new opportunity for industrialization to help local industries move up the global value chains.  It has signed agreements with the US-led Pax Silica; however, the success of the partnership hinges on the state not repeating the mistakes of the past.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12223,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1980,1655,1648],"tags":[1989,1990,1992,1988,1991,1986,1985,431,1987,703],"class_list":["post-12215","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-2026-21","category-diverseasia","category-1648","tag-asia","tag-industrialization","tag-liberalization","tag-philippines","tag-state-led-development","tag-1986","tag-1985","tag-431","tag-1987","tag-703"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12215","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12215"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12215\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12267,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12215\/revisions\/12267"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12223"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12215"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12215"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12215"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}