{"id":11970,"date":"2026-09-02T04:11:55","date_gmt":"2026-09-02T04:11:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/?p=11970"},"modified":"2026-09-02T07:11:30","modified_gmt":"2026-09-02T07:11:30","slug":"%eb%b3%b4%ec%a1%b0%ea%b8%88%ec%9d%84-%eb%84%98%ec%96%b4%ec%84%9c-%ec%95%84%ec%8b%9c%ec%95%84-%ea%b5%ad%ea%b0%80%eb%93%a4%ec%9d%98-%ec%8b%a4%ec%a0%9c-%eb%b0%98%eb%8f%84%ec%b2%b4-%ec%a0%84%ec%9f%81","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/?p=11970","title":{"rendered":"\ubcf4\uc870\uae08\uc744 \ub118\uc5b4\uc11c: \uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \uc2e4\uc81c \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc804\uc7c1\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5a0\ud55c\uac00"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><div id=\"tdi_1\" class=\"tdc-row\"><div class=\"vc_row tdi_2  wpb_row td-pb-row\" >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_2,\r\n                .tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }.tdi_2,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_2:before,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_2:after{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: table;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"vc_column tdi_4  wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-column td-pb-span12\">\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_4{\r\n                    vertical-align: baseline;\r\n                }.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .vc_row_inner{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t    height: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\" >[vc_acf field_group=&#8221;99&#8243; field_from_99=&#8221;field_606aa6f1c30dd&#8221; align=&#8221;right&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11977\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11977\" style=\"width: 1536px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11977 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KakaoTalk_Photo_2026-09-02-13-13-46.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KakaoTalk_Photo_2026-09-02-13-13-46.png 1536w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KakaoTalk_Photo_2026-09-02-13-13-46-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KakaoTalk_Photo_2026-09-02-13-13-46-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KakaoTalk_Photo_2026-09-02-13-13-46-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KakaoTalk_Photo_2026-09-02-13-13-46-630x420.png 630w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KakaoTalk_Photo_2026-09-02-13-13-46-150x100.png 150w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KakaoTalk_Photo_2026-09-02-13-13-46-696x464.png 696w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/KakaoTalk_Photo_2026-09-02-13-13-46-1068x712.png 1068w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11977\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\ud55c\uad6d, \uc911\uad6d, \ub300\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\ud45c\ub418\ub294 \uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc758 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uacbd\uc7c1. \ucd9c\ucc98: AI \uc0dd\uc131 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0(Chat GPT)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4(semiconductor) \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc815\ucc45\uc744 \uc774\uc57c\uae30\ud560 \ub54c \ub300\ud654\ub294 \ub300\uac1c \uace7\ubc14\ub85c \ubcf4\uc870\uae08 \ubb38\uc81c\ub85c \ub118\uc5b4\uac04\ub2e4. \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 CHIPS\ubc95, \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \uc138\uc561\uacf5\uc81c, \ub300\ub9cc\uacfc TSMC\uc758 \uc720\uba85\ud55c \ud611\ub825\uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uadf8 \uc608\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc815\ubd80\ub4e4\uc774 \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc774\ub294\uc9c0 \uc880 \ub354 \uc790\uc138\ud788 \ub4e4\uc5ec\ub2e4\ubcf4\uba74, \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ubcf4\uc870\uae08 \uacbd\uc7c1\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud6e8\uc52c \ud765\ubbf8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc774 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub09c\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d, \ub300\ub9cc, \uc911\uad6d\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc138 \uad6d\uac00\ub294 \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c\ub294 \uc11c\ub85c \uc644\uc804\ud788 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc138 \uac00\uc9c0 \uc804\ub7b5\uc744 \ucd94\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub97c \ube44\uad50\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud2b9\uc815 \ubcf4\uc870\uae08 \uaddc\ubaa8\ub97c \uc0b4\ud3b4\ubcf4\ub294 \uac83\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc804\uc7c1\uc758 \ubbf8\ub798\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \ub354 \ub9ce\uc740 \uac83\uc744 \ub9d0\ud574\uc900\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\ud55c\uad6d: \uc9c4\uc815\ud55c \uc804\ud658\uc810\uc740 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc694\uc18c\uc218\uc600\ub2e4<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \u2018\uacbd\uc81c\uc548\ubcf4\u2019 \uccb4\uacc4\uc758 \uae30\uc6d0\uc740 \ud754\ud788 2019\ub144 \uc77c\ubcf8\uc758 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc81c\uc870\uc6a9 \ud654\ud559\ubb3c\uc9c8 \uc218\ucd9c \uaddc\uc81c\ub098, \ubc30\ud130\ub9ac \uc18c\uc7ac\ub97c \ub458\ub7ec\uc2fc \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \ud1b5\uc81c \uac15\ud654\uc5d0 \uc788\ub2e4\uace0 \uc5ec\uaca8\uc9c4\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ud544\uc790\uac00 \ud55c\uad6d \ud1b5\uc0c1 \uad00\ub8cc\ub4e4\uc744 \uc778\ud130\ubdf0\ud588\uc744 \ub54c\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc774\uc57c\uae30\uac00 \ub098\uc654\ub2e4. \uc9c4\uc9dc \uacc4\uae30\ub294 \ub300\uc911\uc740 \ubb3c\ub860 \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \uc815\ucc45 \uc785\uc548\uc790\ub4e4\uc870\ucc28 \ucca8\ub2e8 \uc81c\uc870\uc5c5\uc758 \uc804\ub7b5\ubb3c\uc790\ub85c \uc5ec\uae30\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub358 \ud488\ubaa9, \uc989 \uc694\uc18c\uc218(urea solution)\uc600\ub2e4. \uc694\uc18c\uc218\ub294 \ub514\uc824 \uc5d4\uc9c4 \ubc30\uae30\uac00\uc2a4\ub97c \uc815\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \uc4f0\uc774\ub294 \uadf8\ub2e4\uc9c0 \uc8fc\ubaa9\ubc1b\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uc6d0\ub8cc\ub85c, \ud55c\uad6d\uc740 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc6a9 \uc18c\ube44\ub7c9\uc758 90\ud37c\uc13c\ud2b8 \uc774\uc0c1\uc744 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4(Reuters, 2021; East Asia Forum, 2024). 2021\ub144 \ub9d0 \ubca0\uc774\uc9d5\uc774 \uc218\ucd9c\uc744 \uc81c\ud55c\ud558\uc790, \uba70\uce60 \ub9cc\uc5d0 \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \ud654\ubb3c\ucc28 \uc6b4\ud589\uc774 \uba48\ucdb0\uc11c\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4. \uc9c4\uc815\uc73c\ub85c \uc800\ubd80\uac00\uac00\uce58\u00b7\uc800\uae30\uc220 \ud488\ubaa9\uc774 \uc9c0\uc815\ud559\uc801 \uc704\uae30\uc758 \uac00\uc2dc\uc801 \uc0c1\uc9d5\uc774 \ub41c \uac83\uc774\ub2e4(KED Global, 2023).<\/p>\n<p>\ud544\uc790\uac00 \uc778\ud130\ubdf0\ud55c \uc804\uc9c1 \ud55c\uad6d \ud1b5\uc0c1\uc7a5\uad00\uc740 \uc774 \uc21c\uac04\uc744 \uc870\uc6a9\ud55c \uc804\ud658\uc810\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \uc124\uba85\ud588\ub2e4. \uad00\ub8cc\ub4e4\uc740 \ube44\ud575\uc2ec\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uc800\ub9c8\uc9c4\uc778 \ud488\ubaa9\uc870\ucc28, \ud2b9\uc815 \uad6d\uac00\uc5d0 \uc9d1\uc911\ub41c \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd\uc5d0 \uacfc\ub3c4\ud558\uac8c \uc758\uc874\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74 \uace0\ub3c4\ub85c \ubc1c\uc804\ud55c \uacbd\uc81c\ub97c \ub9c8\ube44\uc2dc\ud0ac \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc744 \uae68\ub2ec\uc558\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d\uc740 \uc2e0\uc18d\ud558\uac8c \uc804\ub7b5\uc744 \ubc14\uafe8\ub2e4. \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc804\ub7b5 \ube44\ucd95 \uc77c\uc218\ub97c \uc57d 50\uc77c\uc5d0\uc11c 100\uc77c\uc5d0 \uac00\uae4c\uc6b4 \uc218\uc900\uc73c\ub85c \ub298\ub838\uace0, \uc758\uc874 \uad00\uacc4\uc758 \uc870\uae30 \uacbd\ubcf4 \uc2e0\ud638\ub97c \ud3ec\ucc29\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uccb4\uacc4\uc801\uc778 \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd \ub9e4\ud551(supply-chain mapping)\uc744 \uad6c\ucd95\ud588\uc73c\uba70, \uc704\uae30\uac00 \ub2e5\uce5c \ub4a4\uc5d0\uc57c \ud5c8\ub465\uc9c0\ub465 \ub098\uc11c\ub294 \ub300\uc2e0 \ud3c9\uc0c1\uc2dc\ubd80\ud130 \uc790\uc6d0\uc774 \ud48d\ubd80\ud55c \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uacfc\uc758 \uc678\uad50\uc801 \ud30c\ud2b8\ub108\uc2ed\uc744 \ud0a4\uc6b0\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4(CSIS, 2025). \ub2e4\uc2dc \ub9d0\ud574 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc815\ucc45\uc740 \ud6e8\uc52c \uad11\ubc94\uc704\ud55c \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd \ud68c\ubcf5\ub825 \uccb4\uacc4(resilience architecture)\uc5d0 \ub0b4\uc7ac\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub294 \uac1c\ubc29\uc801 \uc138\uacc4\ud654\uc5d0\uc11c \uc804\ub7b5\uc801 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc73c\ub85c \ubcc0\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uc138\uacc4 \uc815\uce58\uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \ud750\ub984\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uccb4\uacc4\ub294 \uc77c\ubc18\ud654\ub418\uac70\ub098 \ud68d\uc77c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc801\uc6a9\ub420 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc815\ubd80 \uad00\ub8cc\ub4e4\uacfc \uc2f1\ud06c\ud0f1\ud06c\ub4e4\ub3c4 \uc774\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uad6c\ubd84\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud588\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd \ub178\ucd9c\uc740 \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uae30\uc220\uacfc \ub3d9\ub9f9\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub85c, \ud55c\uad6d\uc740 \uc77c\ubcf8\uc758 \ud654\ud559\uc18c\uc7ac\uc640 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc758 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc124\uacc4(chip design)\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ubc18\uba74 \ubc30\ud130\ub9ac \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd \ub178\ucd9c\uc740 \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc911\uad6d \uc758\uc874\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\uc778\ub370, \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc0c1\ub958(upstream) \uc18c\uc7ac\uc640 \ubd80\ud488\uc774 \uc911\uad6d \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd\uc744 \uac70\uce58\uace0 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \ubc15\uc815\ud76c \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uc7ac\ubc8c\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc0bc\uc131 \ub4f1 \uad6d\uac00\ub300\ud45c \uae30\uc5c5\uc744 \uc721\uc131\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \uc9c0\uc2dc\ud588\ub358 \uc774\uc804\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uad6d\uac00(developmental state) \uc2dc\ub300\uc640\ub294 \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud788 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubaa8\uc2b5\uc774\ub2e4(Amsden, 1989). \uc804\ub7b5\uc801 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc758 \uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0 \ud55c\uad6d \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uac01 \ubd80\ubb38\uc758 \uc2e4\uc81c \ucde8\uc57d\uc810\uc774 \uc5b4\ub514\uc5d0 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ub9de\ucdb0 \uc870\uc815\ub41c, \uc11c\ub85c \ub2e4\ub978 \ub450 \uac1c\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8 \uc800\uac10(de-risking) \uc804\ub7b5\uc744 \ud568\uaed8 \uc6b4\uc6a9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc774\ub294 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uad6c\uccb4\uc801\uc778 \uc6d0\uce59\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c\ub2e4. \uc804\uc9c1 \uc7a5\uad00\uc774 \uac70\uc758 \uad6d\uc815 \uc6b4\uc601 \uc6d0\uce59\ucc98\ub7fc \uc5b8\uae09\ud55c \uc774\uac83\uc740, \ubc14\ub85c \u2018\uc704\ud5d8 \uc800\uac10(de-risking)\uc774\uc9c0 \ud0c8\ub3d9\uc870\ud654(de-coupling)\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4\u2019\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd \uc9c4\uc601\uc744 \ud1b5\uc9f8\ub85c \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\ub294 \ub300\uc2e0, \ud55c\uad6d\uc740 \uc0b0\uc5c5\ubcc4\ub85c \ub178\ucd9c\ub3c4\ub97c \uc758\ub3c4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc881\ud600 \ub098\uac04\ub2e4. \ubaa9\ud45c\ub294 \ub2e8\uc77c \uacf5\uae09\uc790\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc758\uc874\ub3c4\ub97c \ub0ae\ucdb0 \ud5a5\ud6c4 \uc704\uae30\ub97c \uc644\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0, \ub2e4\ub978 \uc601\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ud611\ub825\uc744 \uac15\ud654\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c\ud14c\uba74 \uad6d\uc81c\ud654\ub41c \ud55c\uad6d \uae30\uc5c5\ub4e4\uc774 \ud655\ubcf4\ub41c \uc6d0\uc790\uc7ac\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574 \uc218\uc775\uc131\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \uc9c0\uc6d0\ud558\ub294 \uc2dd\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ud55c \uc0b0\uc5c5 \ub2e8\uccb4 \uad00\uacc4\uc790\uc758 \ub9d0\ub300\ub85c, \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd\uc774 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \ubcd1\ud589\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc874\uc7ac\ud560 \uc218\ub294 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc911\uad6d \uacf5\uc7a5\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uac00\ub3d9\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud574 \ud55c\uad6d \uae30\uc5c5\uc758 \uace0\ub3c4\ud654 \ub178\ud558\uc6b0\uac00 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4. \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc740 \ud55c\uad6d \uae30\uc5c5\uc774 \uc5c6\uc5b4\uc11c\ub294 \uc548 \ub420 \ud575\uc2ec \uce69 \uc124\uacc4 \uae30\uc220\uc744 \uc950\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uad6d\uac00\ub300\ud45c \uae30\uc5c5\uc744 \uc9c0\ubaa9\ud574 \uc9c0\uc2dc\ud558\ub358 \uc61b \ubc1c\uc804\uad6d\uac00\uc801 \ubcf8\ub2a5\uc740, \ud55c \uc778\ud130\ubdf0 \ub300\uc0c1\uc790\uac00 \uc2dc\ub300\uc5d0 \ub4a4\ub5a8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \u2018\uc544\ubc84\uc9c0\uac00 \uc544\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc9c0\uc2dc\ud558\ub294\u2019 \ubaa8\ub378\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc77c\ucd95\ud55c \ubc29\uc2dd\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098, \ud6e8\uc52c \ub354 \uc138\ubd84\ud654\ub41c \ubc29\uc2dd\uc5d0 \uc790\ub9ac\ub97c \ub0b4\uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc624\ub298\ub0a0 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc815\ucc45\uc740 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \ubd80\ubb38\ubcc4 \uad6c\ubd84\uc744 \ub118\uc5b4, \uacbd\uc6b0\uc5d0 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c\ub294 \ud504\ub85c\uc81d\ud2b8 \ub2e8\uc704\ub85c \uc138\ubd84\ud654\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc744 \ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc5b4\ub290 \uc815\ub3c4\uc758 \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd \uc758\uc874\uc774 \uac10\ub0b4\ud560 \ub9cc\ud55c\uc9c0, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud55c\uad6d \uae30\uc5c5\ub4e4\uc774 \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd \ud22c\uc785\ubb3c\uc744 \ub204\uad6c\uc5d0\uac8c \uc758\uc874\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \uc815\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \uc870\uc728\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\ub300\ub9cc: \uc704\ud5d8\uc744 \ud761\uc218\ud558\ub294 \uad6d\uac00<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\ub300\ub9cc\uc758 \ubaa8\ub378\uc740 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uce21\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \ud55c\uad6d\uacfc \ub2e4\ub974\ub2e4. \ub300\ub9cc \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc138\uc81c \ud61c\ud0dd, \ud1a0\uc9c0 \uc81c\uacf5, \ubcf4\uc870\uae08\uc744 \ud1b5\ud55c \uacf5\uacf5\uc694\uae08 \uc9c0\uc6d0\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uac70\ub300\uae30\uc5c5 TSMC\uc758 \ud655\uc7a5 \ub9ac\uc2a4\ud06c\ub97c \ub5a0\ubc1b\uccd0 \uc654\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ub300\ub9cc\uc758 \uc804\ub825\ub9dd\uc774 \ud339(fab)\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud558\ub294 \uc218\uc694 \uc99d\uac00\ub85c \uc555\ubc15\uc744 \ubc1b\uc73c\uba74\uc11c, \ub300\ub9cc \uc815\ubd80\ub294 TSMC\uc5d0\uac8c \uc9c1\uc811\uc801\uc778 \uc804\ub825 \uacf5\uae09 \ubcf4\uc99d\uc744 \ub298\ub9ac\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \u00a0TSMC \uc790\uccb4\ub3c4 \uc7ac\uc0dd\uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0 \ubd80\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c \uc5ed\ub300 \ucd5c\ub300 \uaddc\ubaa8\uc758 \uae30\uc5c5 \uc804\ub825\uad6c\ub9e4\uacc4\uc57d(PPA)\uc744 \ud3ec\ud568\ud574 \ub300\uaddc\ubaa8 \uc7ac\uc0dd\uc5d0\ub108\uc9c0 \uc870\ub2ec \uc57d\uc815\uc744 \ub9fa\uc5c8\ub2e4(\u00d8rsted, 2020). \ud55c\uad6d\uc774 \uc804\ud1b5\uc801\uc778 \ubc1c\uc804\uad6d\uac00 \ubaa8\ub378\uc5d0\uc11c \uba40\uc5b4\uc838 \uc628 \ubc18\uba74, \ub300\ub9cc \uc815\ubd80\ub294 \uc870\uc815\uc790 \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \uc720\uc9c0\ud558\uba70 \uc801\uadf9\uc801\uc778 \uaddc\uc81c \ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \ucd94\uad6c\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. \uc138\uacc4 \ucd5c\uace0\uc758 \uc6e8\uc774\ud37c(wafer) \uc0dd\uc0b0\uc5c5\uccb4\ub85c\uc11c TSMC\uac00 \uc9c0\ub2cc \ub300\uccb4 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc704\uc0c1 \ub355\ubd84\uc5d0 \ubbfc\uac04 \uc790\ubcf8\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8\uc774 \uc0c1\ub2f9\ud788 \uc904\uc5b4\ub4e0 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \ub300\ub9cc\uc758 \uc804\ub7b5\uc740 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \uc9d1\uc911\uc801\uc774\uace0 \uac1c\uc785\uc8fc\uc758\uc801\uc778 \uc804\ub7b5\uc774\uba70, \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \uc0b0\uc5c5 \uc804\ub7b5 \uc804\uccb4\ub97c \uac78\uc5b4\ub3c4 \uc88b\uc744 \ub9cc\ud07c \uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc555\ub3c4\uc801\uc778 \ub2e8\uc77c \uae30\uc5c5\uc774 \uc874\uc7ac\ud55c\ub2e4\ub294 \ub370 \uc758\uc874\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc9c0\ubc30\ub825\uc774 \uace7 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub825\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud558\uc9c0\ub294 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd\uc5d0\uc11c TSMC\uc758 \uc911\uc2ec\uc801 \uc704\uce58\ub294 \ud0c0\uc758 \ucd94\uc885\uc744 \ubd88\ud5c8\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud55c\uad6d \uae30\uc5c5\ub4e4\uacfc \ub9c8\ucc2c\uac00\uc9c0\ub85c TSMC \uc5ed\uc2dc \ubbf8\uad6d\uc774 \ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\ub294 \uc124\uacc4 \uae30\uc220\uacfc \uc7a5\ube44\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub294 TSMC\uac00 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \uc804\ub7b5\uc801 \ubc29\ud5a5\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574 \uac16\ub294 \ud611\uc0c1\ub825\uc744 \uc81c\ud55c\ud55c\ub2e4. 2020\ub144 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uc555\ub825\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c4 \uc560\ub9ac\uc870\ub098 \uacf5\uc7a5 \uac74\uc124 \uacb0\uc815\uc774 \uc774\ub97c \uc798 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4(Chiang, 2023). \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc810\uc5d0\uc11c \ub300\ub9cc\uc740 \uad11\ubb3c \uc0dd\uc0b0\uad6d\uacfc \ud06c\uac8c \ub2e4\ub974\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub2e4. \uad11\ubb3c \uc0dd\uc0b0\uad6d\ub4e4\uc740 \uc815\uc81c \ubc0f \uac00\uacf5 \uc5ed\ub7c9\uc744 \ud655\ubcf4\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uad6d\uac00\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc720\ud55c \uc790\uc6d0\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud1b5\uc81c\ub825\uc744 \uac15\ud654\ud558\ub824 \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ucd5c\uc885\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\ub958(downstream) \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc758 \uc218\uc694\uc5d0 \uc758\uc874\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uba74\uc11c \uc720\ub7fd\uc5f0\ud569(EU) \uac19\uc740 \uc18c\ube44\uad6d\uc774\ub098 \uc9c0\uc5ed \ud611\ub825\uccb4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud611\uc0c1\ub825\uc774 \uc57d\ud654\ub418\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0 \uc9c1\uba74\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\uc911\uad6d: \ubb34\uc5ed \ubb34\uae30\uc5d0\uc11c \uae30\uc220 \uad00\ubb38(gatekeeper)\uc73c\ub85c<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uac00\uc7a5 \uc911\ub300\ud55c \ubcc0\ud654\ub294 \uc5b4\uca4c\uba74 \uc911\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\uc5b4\ub098\uace0 \uc788\ub294\uc9c0\ub3c4 \ubaa8\ub978\ub2e4. \uadf8\uac83\ub3c4 \ub300\ub2e4\uc218 \uc678\ubd80 \uad00\ucc30\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \uc608\uc0c1\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uacfc\ub294 \ub2e4\ub978 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \ub9d0\uc774\ub2e4. \ud1b5\ub150\uc5d0 \ub530\ub974\uba74, \ubca0\uc774\uc9d5\uc740 2010\ub144 \uc77c\ubcf8\uacfc\uc758 \ud76c\ud1a0\ub958(rare-earth) \ubd84\uc7c1\uacfc \uc774\ud6c4 \uc218\ucd9c \ucffc\ud130\ub97c \ub458\ub7ec\uc2fc \uc138\uacc4\ubb34\uc5ed\uae30\uad6c(WTO) \ud328\uc18c \uc774\ud6c4, \ud575\uc2ec \uc18c\uc7ac \ubb34\uc5ed\uc744 \uacf5\uacf5\uc5f0\ud788 \ubb34\uae30\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ub370 \ub354\uc6b1 \uc2e0\uc911\ud574\uc84c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc5ec\uaca8\uc9c4\ub2e4(WTO Appellate Body, 2014; Yang, 2021). \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc911\uad6d\uc758 \ud76c\ud1a0\ub958 \uc815\ucc45 \uc804\ubb38\uac00\ub4e4\uacfc\uc758 \uc778\ud130\ubdf0\ub294 \uc774 \uad6c\ub3c4\ub97c \ubcf5\uc7a1\ud558\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e0\ub2e4. \ucffc\ud130\uc640 \uad00\uc138 \uae30\ubc18\uc758 \uc218\ub2e8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc911\uad6d\uc774 WTO \uc18c\uc1a1\uc5d0\uc11c \ud328\uc18c\ud55c \uc774\ud6c4 \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c \ud3d0\uae30\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc911\uad6d \ub2f9\uad6d\uc758 \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc778 \ubcf8\ub2a5\uc740 WTO \uaddc\uc728\uc744 \uc544\uc608 \ud68c\ud53c\ud558\ub294 \uc218\ub2e8\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ud574\ub2f9 \ubd80\ubb38\uc744 \ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc6d0\uc790\uc7ac \uc218\ucd9c\uc744 \uc81c\ud55c\ud558\ub294 \ub300\uc2e0, \uc911\uad6d\uc740 \uc810\uc810 \ub354 \uac00\uacf5 \ubc0f \uc81c\uc870 \uae30\uc220 \uc218\ucd9c\uc744 \uc81c\ud55c\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. \uc911\uad6d\uc774 \ud575\uc2ec \uad11\ubb3c(critical minerals)\uc758 \uc0c1\ub958(upstream) \ubd80\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c \uc2dc\uc7a5 \uc9c0\ubc30\ub825\uc744 \ud589\uc0ac\ud558\ub294 \uac00\uc6b4\ub370, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \uc81c\ud55c \uc870\uce58\ub4e4\uc740 \uad11\uc11d \uc790\uccb4\ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ud76c\ud1a0\ub958 \uc790\uc11d \ubc0f \uae30\ud0c0 \ucca8\ub2e8 \uc18c\uc7ac\uc758 \ub178\ud558\uc6b0 \uac19\uc740 \uc815\ubcf4 \uc720\ucd9c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uad6d\uac00 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub97c \ud55c\uce35 \uac15\ud654\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc758\ubbf8\ub97c \uac16\ub294\ub370, \ud575\uc2ec\uad11\ubb3c \ubc0f \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc778\uc811 \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \ud1b5\uc0c1 \ucc44\uad74 \ub3c5\uc810\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uac00\uacf5 \ubd80\ubb38\uc758 \uc9d1\uc911\ub3c4\uac00 \ub354 \ud06c\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \ub9ce\uc740 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc774 \ucc44\uad74 \ud22c\uc790\ub97c \uc720\uce58\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ubbf8\uad6d\ub3c4 \uc774\ubbf8 \uc804 \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \uc720\ub9dd \uad11\ubb3c \ud504\ub85c\uc81d\ud2b8\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubbfc\uac04 \uc790\uae08 \uc870\ub2ec\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uc790\uad6d \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd\uc744 \uc7ac\uac74\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc81c\uc870\uc5d0 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \uc21c\ub3c4\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc815\uc81c\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uad6d\uac00\ub294 \uadf9\uc18c\uc218\uc5d0 \ubd88\uacfc\ud558\ub2e4. \uc5d0\ub4dc\uc6cc\ub4dc \ud53c\uc2dc\uba3c(Edward Fishman, 2025)\uc774 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\ub4ef, \uac01\uad6d\uc740 \uc810\uc810 \ub354 \uc6d0\uc790\uc7ac \ud750\ub984 \uc790\uccb4\ub97c \ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc881\uc740 \uac00\uacf5 \ubcd1\ubaa9\uc9c0\uc810(chokepoint)\uc744 \ud1b5\uc81c\ud558\ub294 \ucabd\uc73c\ub85c \ubc29\ud5a5\uc744 \ud2c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 WTO \uc870\ud56d\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ud754\ud788 \uc81c\ud55c\ub418\uace0 \uaddc\uc81c\ub418\ub294 \ubb34\uc5ed\uc7a5\ubcbd\ubcf4\ub2e4 \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \ub354 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801\uc774\uace0 \ub35c \uac00\uc2dc\uc801\uc778 \ud615\ud0dc\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uc9c0\ub81b\ub300\uac00 \ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc774\ub294 \ud575\uc2ec\uad11\ubb3c\uc744 \uc138\uacc4\ud654\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud560 \ud3c9\ubc94\ud55c \uc0b0\uc5c5 \ubd80\ubb38\uc73c\ub85c \ucde8\uae09\ud560 \uac83\uc778\uc9c0, \uc544\ub2c8\uba74 \uc9c0\uc815\ud559\uc801 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc744 \uc704\ud55c \uc804\ub7b5 \uce74\ub4dc\ub85c \ubcd1\ubaa9\uc9c0\uc810\uc744 \ud65c\uc6a9\ud560 \uac83\uc778\uc9c0\ub97c \ub458\ub7ec\uc2fc \uc911\uad6d \ub0b4\ubd80\uc758 \ubbf8\ud574\uacb0 \ub17c\uc7c1\uc744 \ubc18\uc601\ud55c\ub2e4. \uae30\uc220 \ud1b5\uc81c \uc811\uadfc\ubc95\uc740 \ubca0\uc774\uc9d5\uc774 \uc774 \ub450 \uc785\uc7a5 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0\uc11c \uc804\ub7b5\uc801 \uc120\ud0dd\uc758 \uc5ec\uc9c0\ub97c \uac00\uc9c0\uac8c \ud574\uc900\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\uacf5\uc720\ub41c \ub17c\ub9ac, \uc11c\ub85c \ub2e4\ub978 \uc218\ub2e8<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\uc774 \uc138 \uc0ac\ub840\ub294 \uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc815\ucc45\uc774, \uc815\ubd80\ub4e4\uc774 \uc11c\ub85c \ub2e4\ub978 \uc218\ub2e8\uc744 \ub3d9\uc6d0\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc74c\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uacf5\ud1b5\ub41c \ud1b5\ucc30\ub85c \uc218\ub834\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc74c\uc744 \uc2dc\uc0ac\ud55c\ub2e4. \ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub354 \ub113\uc740 \ubcc0\ud654\ub97c \u2018\uacbd\uc81c\uc548\ubcf4 \uad6d\uac00(economic security state)\u2019\uc758 \ud615\uc131\uc774\ub77c \ubd80\ub974\uae30 \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd \uc758\uc874 \uadf8 \uc790\uccb4\ub97c \ub2e8\uc9c0 \ud65c\uc6a9\ud574\uc57c \ud560 \ud6a8\uc728\uc131\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uad00\ub9ac\ud574\uc57c \ud560 \uc804\ub7b5\uc801 \ucde8\uc57d\uc810\uc73c\ub85c \ucde8\uae09\ud558\ub294 \uad6d\uac00\ub97c \ub73b\ud55c\ub2e4(Farrell and Newman, 2024). \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc0ac\ub840\ub294 \uc774 \uc124\uba85\uc5d0 \uc798 \ub4e4\uc5b4\ub9de\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ud55c\uad6d\uc758 \uacbd\ud5d8\uc740 \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0 \ud55c \uac00\uc9c0 \uc218\uc815\ud560 \uc810\uc744 \ub354\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc815\ubd80\uac00 \uad00\ub9ac\ud558\ub294 \ubc95\uc744 \ubc30\uc6b0\ub294 \ucde8\uc57d\uc131\uc740 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ub300\ud45c\uc801\uc778 \uc0c1\ud488\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ubbf8\ub9ac \uc608\uace0\ub418\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \ub4dc\ubb3c\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc774\ub2e4. \ud55c\uad6d\uc774 \uacbd\uc81c\uc548\ubcf4\ub97c \ubc1b\uc544\ub4e4\uc774\uac8c \ub41c \uac83\uc740 \ud2b8\ub79c\uc9c0\uc2a4\ud130\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \ud654\ubb3c\ucc28\uc6a9 \uc694\uc18c\uc218\uac00 \ucde8\uc57d\uc131\uc758 \uc6d0\ucc9c\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\uc744 \ub54c\uc600\ub2e4. \ub300\ub9cc\uc740 \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc9c0\ubc30\ub825\uc774 \uc544\uc9c1 \ud1b5\uc81c\ub825\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\uc5b4\uc9c0\uc9c0\ub294 \ubabb\ud55c \ub2e8 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ub300\ud45c \uae30\uc5c5\uc5d0 \uad6d\uac00\uc758 \uc704\ud5d8 \ubd80\ub2f4\uc744 \uc9d1\uc911\uc2dc\ud0a4\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc911\uad6d\uc740 \ubb34\uc5ed \uc9c0\ub81b\ub300\ub97c \uae30\uc220 \uc9c0\ub81b\ub300\ub85c \uc804\ud658\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\ud574 \ud55c\uad6d\uc740, \uc138\uacc4\ud654\ub41c \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd\uc758 \uc5b4\ub290 \ubd80\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c\ub4e0 \ubcd1\ubaa9\uc9c0\uc810\uc774 \uc0dd\uaca8\ub0a0 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubc30\uc6b0\uba74\uc11c, \ubd80\ubb38\ubcc4\ub85c, \uc0b0\uc5c5\ubcc4\ub85c \uc758\uc874\ub3c4\ub97c \uc815\ubc00\ud558\uac8c \uc870\uc815\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p>\uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc0c1\ud669\uc744 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc8fc\uad8c\uc744 \ucd94\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \ub610 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc8fc\uc694 \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc5f0\ud569\uccb4, \ud2b9\ud788 \uc720\ub7fd\uc5f0\ud569(EU)\uacfc \uacac\uc8fc\uc5b4 \ubcfc \ud544\uc694\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc544\uc2dc\uc544 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc774 \uc810\uc810 \ub354 \uc815\ubc00\ud558\uace0 \ubd80\ubb38\ubcc4\ub85c \ud2b9\ud654\ub41c \uc218\ub2e8\uc744 \uad6c\ucd95\ud574 \uc628 \ubc18\uba74, EU\uc758 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4\ubc95(Chips Act)\uc740 \ucd5c\uadfc \uc5f0\uad6c\ub4e4\uc774 \ubb3c\uc9c8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc2e4\ud604 \ubd88\uac00\ub2a5\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \uc9c0\uc801\ud558\ub294 \u2018\uc804\ub7b5\uc801 \uc790\uc728\uc131(strategic autonomy)\u2019\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub85c, 2030\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 \uc138\uacc4 \uc2dc\uc7a5 \uc810\uc720\uc728 20\ud37c\uc13c\ud2b8\ub77c\ub294 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \ucd94\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4(European Commission, 2021). \ubbf8\uad6d, \uc911\uad6d, \ud55c\uad6d\uc774 \uc774\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud6e8\uc52c \ub354 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc790\uae08\uc744 \ud22c\uc785\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc744 \uac10\uc548\ud560 \ub54c, \ub300\ubd80\ubd84\uc758 \ubd84\uc11d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774 \ubaa9\ud45c\uc758 \uc2e4\ud604 \uac00\ub2a5\uc131\uc5d0 \ud68c\uc758\uc801\uc774\ub2e4. \ubcf4\uc870\uae08 \uacbd\uc7c1 \uc790\uccb4\ub3c4 \uac80\uc99d\ub41c \uc120(\u5584)\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ud604\uc7ac\uc758 \u2018\ubcf4\uc870\uae08 \uacbd\uc7c1\u2019\uc744 \ubaa8\ub378\ub9c1\ud55c \uacbd\uc81c\ud559\uc790\ub4e4\uc740, \uc774\uac83\uc774 \uc9c4\uc815\ud55c \uc5ed\ub7c9 \uad6c\ucd95 \ubabb\uc9c0\uc54a\uac8c \uc138\uacc4\uc801 \uacfc\uc789\uc124\ube44\uc640 \uc2dc\uc7a5 \uc810\uc720\uc728 \ud0c8\ucde8(market-stealing)\ub97c \ucd08\ub798\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud588\uc73c\uba70(Bown and Wang, 2024), \uc774\ub294 \uc5c5\uacc4 \uc790\uccb4\uc758 \ubb34\uc5ed \ub2e8\uccb4\ub4e4\ub3c4 \uc9c0\uc801\ud558\ub294 \uacbd\uace0\ub2e4(Semiconductor Industry Association and Boston Consulting Group, 2024).<\/p>\n<p>\uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc774 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc5d0\uc11c \ub204\uac00 \uc18c\uc678\ub418\ub294\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc804\uccb4 \uadf8\ub9bc\uc5d0 \ud3ec\ud568\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ud544\ub9ac\ud540\ucc98\ub7fc \uc870\ub9bd\u00b7\ud14c\uc2a4\ud2b8\u00b7\ud328\ud0a4\uc9d5 \ubd80\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc790\ub9ac \uc7a1\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba74\uc11c \uc81c\uc870\ub098 \uc124\uacc4 \ubd80\ubb38\uc5d0\ub294 \uc788\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc804\ub7b5\ub4e4\uc758 \u2018\ub124 \ubc88\uc9f8 \ubc84\uc804\u2019\uc744 \uc6b4\uc601\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uacf5\uae09\ub9dd\uc758 \ud22c\uc785 \uc694\uc18c\ub97c \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\ub294 \uc704\uce58\uc5d0 \ub0a8\uc544 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uadf8\ub4e4\uc758 \uc6b4\uc2e0 \ud3ed\uc740 \uad6c\uc870\uc801 \uc704\uce58\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc81c\uc57d\ub41c\ub2e4(Philippine Board of Investments, n.d.). \uc774\ub294 \uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \ubc18\ub3c4\uccb4 \uc804\uc7c1\uc774 \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c\ub294 \uc9c4\uc815\ud55c \uc804\ub7b5\uc801 \uc120\ud0dd\uc758 \uc5ec\uc9c0\ub97c \uac00\uc9c4 \uc18c\uc218\uc758 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uacfc, \uadf8\ub807\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c \ud6e8\uc52c \ub354 \ub9ce\uc740 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc774\uc57c\uae30\ub77c\ub294 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uc744 \uc77c\uae68\uc6cc \uc900\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc5b4\ub290 \uac83\ub3c4 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ubcf4\uc870\uae08 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \ubcf4\uc870\uae08 \uacbd\uc7c1\uc73c\ub85c \ucde8\uae09\ud558\uac70\ub098 \ubbf8\uad6d-\uc911\uad6d-EU \uc0bc\uac01\uad6c\ub3c4\ub85c \uc5ec\uae30\uba70 \uba48\ucdb0\ubc84\ub9b0\ub2e4\uba74, \uadf8 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \uc124\uba85\ub3c4 \uc9c4\uc9dc \uacbd\uc7c1\uc774 \uc5b4\ub514\ub85c \ud5a5\ud558\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \ub193\uce58\uac8c \ub420 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=&#8221;\uc601\uc5b4 \uc6d0\ubb38&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]When people talk about semiconductor industrial policy in Asia, the conversation usually jumps straight to subsidies: the US CHIPS Act, Korea&#8217;s tax credits, Taiwan&#8217;s famous partnership with TSMC. But a closer look at how governments in the region actually operate reveals something more interesting than a subsidy race. Three states \u2014 South Korea, Taiwan, and China \u2014 are pursuing three genuinely different strategies, and comparing them tells us more about the future of the chip war than any single subsidy figure does.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Korea: The real turning point wasn&#8217;t chips \u2014 it was urea<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The origins of Korea\u2019s \u201ceconomic security\u201d apparatus are often traced to Japan\u2019s 2019 export controls on chip-making chemicals, or to China&#8217;s tightening grip on battery materials. My interviews with Korean trade officials tell a different story. The real catalyst was a commodity neither the public nor most policymakers considered strategic to advanced manufacturing: urea solution, an unglamorous input used to clean diesel-engine emissions, of which China is responsible for over 90 percent of Korea\u2019s industrial consumption (Reuters 2021; East Asia Forum 2024). When Beijing restricted exports in late 2021, Korean delivery trucks began grinding to a halt within days \u2014 a genuinely low-value, low-technology commodity that became the visible symbol of a geopolitical crisis (KED Global 2023). A former Korean trade minister I interviewed described the moment as a quiet turning point: officials realised that even non-critical, low-margin goods could paralyse a highly advanced economy through overdependence on global supply chains concentrated in a single country. Korea altered its strategy quickly. The government moved from roughly fifty days of strategic stockpiles to closer to a hundred, built systematic supply-chain mapping to catch early warning signs of dependency, and began cultivating diplomatic partnerships with resource-rich states in normal times rather than scrambling for them mid-crisis (CSIS 2025). Chip policy, in other words, is embedded inside a much broader resilience architecture that reflects the changing global political economy, from open globalisation to strategic competition.<\/p>\n<p>That architecture, however, cannot be generalised or applied uniformly. Government officials and think tanks drew the same distinction. Korea\u2019s semiconductor exposure is fundamentally a technology and alliance problem; Korea depends on Japanese chemicals and US chip design. But additionally, battery exposure is fundamentally a China-dependency problem since so many upstream materials and components still run through Chinese supply chains. This marks a considerable departure from the earlier developmental state era, when Park Chung Hee\u2019s government directed conglomerates to build Samsung and other national champions (Amsden 1989). In the era of strategic competition, the Korean state is running two different de-risking strategies stitched together, calibrated to where each sector\u2019s actual vulnerability lies.<\/p>\n<p>This produces a specific doctrine, one the former minister stated almost as a governing principle: <strong><em>derisking<\/em><\/strong>, not <strong><em>decoupling<\/em><\/strong>. Rather than choosing a bloc wholesale, Korea deliberately narrows its exposure industry by industry. The goal is to reduce dependence on any single supplier to mitigate future crises, while deepening cooperation elsewhere \u2014 supporting internationalised Korean firms to sustain their profits through secured raw materials. As one industry association contact put it, there are no parallel supply chains. Chinese factories still need Korean firms\u2019 upgrading know-how to keep running. At the same time, the US holds core chip design technology which Korean firms cannot do without. The old developmental state instinct of the government picking a national champion and directing it \u2014 one interviewee dismissed it as an outdated \u2018father directs son\u2019 model \u2014 has given way to something more granular. Today, industrial polucy is not only narrowly sectoral, if not project-specific, but the government is calibrating how much supply chain dependence can be tolerable, and on whom can Korean businesses rely on their supply chain inputs.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Taiwan: The state as risk absorber<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Taiwan\u2019s model differs from Korea in several respects. The state has underwritten chip giant TSMC\u2019s expansion risk through a mix of tax breaks, land, subsidised utilities, and \u2014 increasingly \u2014 direct guarantees on power supply as Taiwan\u2019s grid strains under fab-driven demand. TSMC itself has taken on major renewable power commitments, including the largest corporate power purchase agreement of its kind ever signed for renewable energy as part of the same push (\u00d8rsted 2020). Where Korea has moved away from the traditional developmental-state model, the Taiwanese state retains a steering role and has pursued an activist regulatory approach: the risk to private capital has been substantially reduced by TSMC&#8217;s indispensable role as the world&#8217;s leading wafer-fab producer. Taiwan\u2019s strategy is markedly concentrated and interventionist, depending on having a single, globally dominant firm worth betting the country\u2019s industrial strategy on. Yet dominance is not the same as control. TSMC\u2019s centrality to the global chip supply chain is unmatched, but like Korean firms, it remains dependent on US-controlled design technology and equipment, leaving it with limited bargaining power over its own strategic direction \u2014 as its politically driven 2020 commitment to build in Arizona demonstrated (Chiang 2023). In this sense, Taiwan is not so different from mineral-producing states that seek to control nationally-owned resources through refining and processing capability, only to find that dependence on demand from downstream industries weakens their bargaining position vis-\u00e0-vis consumer states and blocs such as the European Union.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>China: From trade weapon to technology gatekeeper<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The most consequential shift, though, may be happening in China, and it is not the one most outside observers expect. Conventional wisdom holds that Beijing has become more cautious about openly weaponising trade in critical materials since its 2010 rare-earth dispute with Japan and its subsequent WTO defeat over export quotas (WTO Appellate Body 2014; Yang 2021). Interviews with Chinese rare earth policy specialists complicate this picture. Quota and tariff-based tools were indeed abandoned after China lost the WTO case. Officials\u2019 underlying instinct, however, was to control the sector through instruments that evade WTO disciplines altogether.<\/p>\n<p>Rather than restricting the export of raw materials, China has increasingly restricted the export of processing and manufacturing technology. While China exercises market power in the upstream segment of critical minerals, these new restrictions further tighten state control over information leakages such as the know-how for rare earth magnets and other advanced materials, not just the ore itself. This matters because in critical mineral and chip-adjacent supply chains, processing concentration typically exceeds extraction monopoly. Many countries can attract investment for mining; the US is already rebuilding its supply chain through private financing prospective mineral projects across the world. However, very few \u2014 if any \u2014 can refine to the purity chip manufacturing requires. As Edward Fishman (2025) argues, states have increasingly turned toward controlling narrow processing chokepoints rather than raw material flows themselves. This is conceivably more durable and less visible form of economic leverage than trade barriers often restricted and encapsulated into WTO clauses. It also reflects an unresolved internal debate in China between treating critical materials as an ordinary industrial sector to be globalised, and deploying chokepoints as a strategic card for geopolitical competition. The technology control approach enables Beijing to hedge between both positions.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>A shared logic, different instruments<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The three cases suggest Asian industrial policy is converging on a common insight, even as governments reach for different tools to act on it. Scholars have begun calling this broader shift the making of an \u201ceconomic security state,\u201d in which supply chain dependence itself is treated as a strategic vulnerability to be managed, not just an efficiency to be exploited (Farrell and Newman 2024). The chip case fits that description well, but Korea\u2019s experience adds a correction. The vulnerability that governments learn to manage is rarely announced in advance by a headline product. Korea embraced economic security when truck fluid, not transistors, became a source of vulnerability. Taiwan concentrates state risk-bearing on a single champion whose dominance in the global chip supply chain has yet to translate into control. China converts trade leverage into technology leverage. Korea, in response, calibrates dependence sector by sector, industry by industry, having learned that chokepoints can emerge from any segment of a globalised supply chain.<\/p>\n<p>It is worth setting this against the other major bloc pursuing chip sovereignty, notably the European Union (EU). While Asian states have built increasingly precise, sector-specific instruments, the EU\u2019s Chips Act pursues \u201cstrategic autonomy\u201d in language that recent scholarship argues is materially unrealisable \u2014 a target of 20 percent global market share by 2030 (European Commission 2021). Most analysts doubt its feasibility given how much more the US, China, and Korea are spending. Nor is subsidy competition itself a settled good. Economists modelling the current \u2018subsidy race\u2019 find it can just as easily produce global overcapacity and market-stealing as genuine capability-building (Bown and Wang 2024), a warning industry\u2019s own trade bodies now echo (Semiconductor Industry Association and Boston Consulting Group 2024). And, a full picture has to include who this race leaves out. States like the Philippines, positioned in assembly, testing, and packaging rather than fabrication or design, are not running a fourth version of these strategies \u2014 they remain supply chain inputs whose room for manoeuvre is constrained by their structural position (Philippine Board of Investments, n.d.). This is a reminder that Asia\u2019s chip war is really a story about a handful of states with genuine strategic latitude, and a much larger number without it. None of this is simply a subsidy race \u2014 and any account of the region&#8217;s chip strategy that treats it as one, or that stops at the US\u2013China\u2013EU triangle, will miss where the real competition is heading.[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=&#8221;\uc800\uc790 \uc18c\uac1c&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]Jewellord Nem Singh<strong>(<\/strong><a href=\"mailto:j.nemsingh@sussex.ac.uk\"><strong>j.nemsingh@sussex.ac.uk<\/strong><\/a><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\ud604) \uc11c\uc2dd\uc2a4 \ub300\ud559\uad50(University of Sussex) \uae00\ub85c\ubc8c \uc815\uce58\uacbd\uc81c\ud559 \uc218\uc11d\uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0(Principal Research Fellow), \uc6cc\uc2f1\ud134 D.C. \uc2a4\ud300\uc2a8 \uc13c\ud130(Stimson Center) \ube44\uc0c1\uc8fc \uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0(Non-Resident Fellow)<\/p>\n<p>\uc804) \ub77c\uc774\ub374 \ub300\ud559\uad50(Leiden University) \uc815\uce58\ud559 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc18c \uc870\uad50\uc218(Assistant Professor), \ubca0\ub97c\ub9b0 \uc790\uc720\ub300\ud559\uad50(Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin) \uc815\uce58\ud559\uacfc \uc54c\ub809\uc0b0\ub354 \ud3f0 \ud6d4\ubcfc\ud2b8 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc6d0(Alexander von Humboldt Fellow)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>&lt;<\/b><b>\uc8fc\uc694\uc800\uc220<\/b><b>&gt;<\/b><\/p>\n<p>\u201cIndustrial upgrading and economic statecraft: The dual benefits of China&#8217;s resource nationalism in the rare earths sector.\u201d <em>Handbook of Resource Nationalism<\/em> (Nem Singh and Ji), (Edward Elgar Publishing, 2026).<\/p>\n<p>\u201cPower and industrial policy under China\u2019s Belt and Road Initiative.\u201d <em>Competition and Change<\/em> (Nem Singh et al.), 30(1), 2026.<\/p>\n<p><em>Business of the State: Why State Ownership Matters for Resource Governance<\/em> (Oxford University Press, 2024).[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=&#8221;\uad00\ub828 \uc790\ub8cc&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\uad00\ub828\uc790\ub8cc<\/b><\/p>\n<p>Amsden, Alice H. (1989). <em>Asia&#8217;s Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization<\/em>. Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p>Bown, Chad P., and Dan Wang (2024). \u201cSemiconductors and Modern Industrial Policy.\u201d <em>Journal of Economic Perspectives<\/em> 38(4), 81\u2013110.<\/p>\n<p>Chiang, Min-Hua (2023). \u201cTaiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company: A Key Chip in the Global Political Economy.\u201d <em>East Asian Policy<\/em> 15(1), 36\u201346.<\/p>\n<p>CSIS (Center for Strategic and International Studies) (2025). \u201cThe Minerals Security Partnership under South Korean Leadership.\u201d <em>CSIS Commentary<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>East Asia Forum (2024). \u201cUrea Crisis Sparks South Korean Supply Chain Revamp.\u201d August 22.<\/p>\n<p>European Commission (2021). \u201cDigital Sovereignty: Commission Kick-Starts Alliances for Semiconductors and Industrial Cloud Technologies.\u201d Press release, September 22.<\/p>\n<p>Farrell, Henry, and Abraham Newman (2019). \u201cWeaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion.\u201d <em>International Security<\/em> 44(1), 42\u201379.<\/p>\n<p>Farrell, Henry, and Abraham Newman (2024). \u201cThe New Economic Security State.\u201d <em>Foreign Affairs<\/em>, January\/February.<\/p>\n<p>Fishman, Edward (2025). <em>Chokepoints: American Power in the Age of Economic Warfare<\/em>. Penguin Random House.<\/p>\n<p>KED Global (2023). \u201cSouth Korea to Support Urea Purchases Outside China, Boost Reserves.\u201d December 7.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d8rsted (2020). \u201c\u00d8rsted and TSMC Sign the World&#8217;s Largest Renewables Corporate Power Purchase Agreement.\u201d Press release, July 8.<\/p>\n<p>Philippine Board of Investments. n.d. \u201cThe Philippines: Your Ally in the Global Chip Race.\u201d Investment promotion document.<\/p>\n<p>Reuters (2021). \u201cUrea Shortage Threatens South Korea&#8217;s Transport, Energy Industries.\u201d November 9.<\/p>\n<p>Semiconductor Industry Association and Boston Consulting Group (2024). <em>Emerging Resilience in the Semiconductor Supply Chain<\/em>. SIA.<\/p>\n<p>WTO Appellate Body (2014). <em>China \u2014 Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten and Molybdenum<\/em>. WT\/DS431\/AB\/R. August 7.<\/p>\n<p>Yang, Florence W. 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