{"id":11830,"date":"2026-07-07T12:56:43","date_gmt":"2026-07-07T12:56:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/?p=11830"},"modified":"2026-09-22T05:46:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-22T05:46:26","slug":"%ec%84%9c%ec%95%84%ed%94%84%eb%a6%ac%ec%b9%b4%ec%9d%98-%ec%82%ac%ec%9d%b4%eb%b2%84%eb%b2%94%ec%a3%84-%ec%82%ac%ea%b8%b0-%ea%b2%bd%ec%a0%9c-%ec%b2%ad%eb%85%84%ec%9d%98-%ec%97%b4%eb%a7%9d-%ea%b0%9c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/?p=11830","title":{"rendered":"\uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc758 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4: \uc0ac\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c, \uccad\ub144\uc758 \uc5f4\ub9dd, \uac1c\ubc1c \uc2e4\ud328"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><div id=\"tdi_1\" class=\"tdc-row\"><div class=\"vc_row tdi_2  wpb_row td-pb-row\" >\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_2,\r\n                .tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n                    min-height: 0;\r\n                }.tdi_2,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_2 .tdc-columns{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_2:before,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_2:after{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: table;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"vc_column tdi_4  wpb_column vc_column_container tdc-column td-pb-span12\">\n<style scoped>\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n\n\/* custom css - generated by TagDiv Composer *\/\n.tdi_4{\r\n                    vertical-align: baseline;\r\n                }.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper,\r\n\t\t\t\t.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    display: block;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .tdc-elements{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: 100%;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper > .vc_row_inner{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}.tdi_4 > .wpb_wrapper{\r\n\t\t\t\t    width: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t    height: auto;\r\n\t\t\t\t}\n<\/style><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\" >[vc_acf field_group=&#8221;99&#8243; field_from_99=&#8221;field_606aa6f1c30dd&#8221; align=&#8221;right&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11832\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11832\" style=\"width: 1493px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11832 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/KakaoTalk_20260702_150551409-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1493\" height=\"1054\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/KakaoTalk_20260702_150551409-1.png 1493w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/KakaoTalk_20260702_150551409-1-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/KakaoTalk_20260702_150551409-1-1024x723.png 1024w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/KakaoTalk_20260702_150551409-1-768x542.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/KakaoTalk_20260702_150551409-1-595x420.png 595w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/KakaoTalk_20260702_150551409-1-150x106.png 150w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/KakaoTalk_20260702_150551409-1-696x491.png 696w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/KakaoTalk_20260702_150551409-1-1068x754.png 1068w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1493px) 100vw, 1493px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11832\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\ucd9c\ucc98: ChatGPT \uc0dd\uc131 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ucd08\uae30 \uc778\ud130\ub137 \uc138\ub300\uc758 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c 1990\ub144\ub300\uc640 2000\ub144\ub300 \ucd08 \uc628\ub77c\uc778 \uc0ac\uae30\uc640\uc758 \uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \uc778\uc0c1\uc801\uc778 \uc870\uc6b0 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\ub294 \uc545\uba85 \ub192\uc740 \u201c\ub098\uc774\uc9c0\ub9ac\uc544 \uc655\uc790\u201d \uc774\uba54\uc77c\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc740 \ub3d9\uacb0\ub41c \uc218\ubc31\ub9cc \ub2ec\ub7ec, \ub3c4\uc6c0 \uc694\uccad, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ud6c4\ud55c \ubcf4\uc0c1\uc758 \uc57d\uc18d\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ubbff\uae30 \uc5b4\ub824\uc6b4 \uc774\uc57c\uae30\uc600\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uae30\ubc94\ub4e4\uc740 \ubcf4\ud1b5 \uc790\uc2e0\ub4e4\uc774 \ubc15\ud574\ubc1b\ub294 \uc655\uc2e4\uc758 \uc77c\uc6d0\uc774\uba70 \ub3c8\uc744 \uad6d\uc678\ub85c \uc62e\uae30\ub294 \ub370 \ub3c4\uc6c0\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud588\ub2e4. \uadf8 \ub300\uac00\ub85c \ud53c\ud574\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uac70\uc561\uc758 \uc7ac\uc0b0 \uc77c\ubd80\ub97c \ubc1b\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uc57d\uc18d\ubc1b\uc558\ub2e4. \uc774\ud6c4 \uadf8 \ub3c8\uc774 \ud480\ub9ac\uae30 \uc804\uc5d0 \uc120\ubd88 &#8216;\uc218\uc218\ub8cc&#8217;, \uc138\uae08, \ubc95\ub960 \ube44\uc6a9 \ub610\ub294 \ub1cc\ubb3c\uc744 \ub0b4\ub77c\ub294 \uc694\uad6c\ub97c \ubc1b\uc558\ub2e4. \ubb3c\ub860 \uc57d\uc18d\ub41c \uc7ac\uc0b0\uc740 \uacb0\ucf54 \uc2e4\ud604\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc774\ub978\ubc14 &#8216;\uc120\ubd88 \uc218\uc218\ub8cc&#8217; \uc0ac\uae30\ub294 \uc774\ud6c4 \uc138\uacc4\uc5d0\uc11c \uac00\uc7a5 \uc218\uc775\uc131\uc774 \ub192\uace0 \uc801\uc751\ub825\uc774 \uac15\ud55c \ubc94\uc8c4 \uae30\uc5c5 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\ub85c \uc131\uc7a5\ud55c \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc758 \ucd08\uae30 \ubaa8\uc2b5\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ucd5c\uadfc\uc758 \ud55c \uc138\uacc4\uc801 \ud3c9\uac00\ub294 2024\ub144 \uc0ac\uae30\uc640 \uae08\uc735\uc0ac\uae30\uac00 1\uc870 \ub2ec\ub7ec \uc774\uc0c1, \uc989 \uc138\uacc4 GDP\uc758 \uc57d 1%\uc5d0 \ud574\ub2f9\ud558\ub294 \uaddc\ubaa8\ub97c \ucc3d\ucd9c\ud588\uc73c\uba70, 2025\ub144\uc5d0\ub294 \uc804 \uc138\uacc4 \uc131\uc778\uc758 57%\uac00 \uc5b4\ub5a4 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c\ub4e0 \uc0ac\uae30\uc5d0 \ub178\ucd9c\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\uace0 \ucd94\uc815\ud588\ub2e4(Amerhauser &amp; Goodwin 2026).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc640 \ub0a8\ubd80 \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80 \uc9c0\uc5ed, \ud2b9\ud788 \ub098\uc774\uc9c0\ub9ac\uc544\uc640 \uac00\ub098\ub294 \uc138\uacc4 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4 \uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uac70\uc810\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. 2024\ub144 \uc138\uacc4 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4 \uc9c0\uc218\uc5d0\uc11c \ub098\uc774\uc9c0\ub9ac\uc544\ub294 5\uc704, \uac00\ub098\ub294 13\uc704\ub97c \ucc28\uc9c0\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ud65c\ub3d9\uc740 \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74 \uc804\uc5ed\uc758 \ud53c\ud574\uc790\ub97c \ub300\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8 \ubc94\uc704\ub294 \uc804 \uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\ub2e4. \ubbf8\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4 \ud53c\ud574\uc561\uc774 \uc774\uc81c \ub9e4\ub144 \uc218\ubc31\uc5b5 \ub2ec\ub7ec\ub85c \uc9d1\uacc4\ub418\uba70, \uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\ub294 \ud2b9\ud788 \ube44\uc988\ub2c8\uc2a4 \uc774\uba54\uc77c \uce68\ud574, \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 \uc0ac\uae30, \ubab8\ucea0 \ud53c\uc2f1 \ub4f1 \ub300\uaddc\ubaa8 \uc0ac\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c\uc640 \uc5f0\uacc4\ub418\uc5b4 \uc654\ub2e4(\uadf8\ub9bc 1 \ucc38\uc870).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc774\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\ud558\uc5ec \uc815\ubd80, \uad6d\uc81c\uae30\uad6c, \ubc95\uc9d1\ud589\uae30\uad00\uc740 \ub354 \ub098\uc740 \uce58\uc548, \ub354 \uac15\ub825\ud55c \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4 \ubc95\ub960, \ud5a5\uc0c1\ub41c \uc218\uc0ac \uc5ed\ub7c9, \uad6d\uc81c \ud611\ub825, \uae30\uc220\u00b7\uc7a5\ube44\u00b7\ud6c8\ub828\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud22c\uc790\uc758 \ud544\uc694\uc131\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub300\uc751\uc740 \uc911\uc694\ud558\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788 \ubc94\uc8c4 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\uac00 \uc778\uacf5\uc9c0\ub2a5, \uc554\ud638\ud654\ud3d0, \uc554\ud638\ud654\ub41c \ud1b5\uc2e0 \ud50c\ub7ab\ud3fc\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc2e0\uae30\uc220\uc5d0 \uc801\uc751\ud558\ub294 \uc18d\ub3c4\ub97c \uace0\ub824\ud558\uba74 \ub354\uc6b1 \uadf8\ub807\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uce58\uc548\uc5d0\ub9cc \uc881\uac8c \ucd08\uc810\uc744 \ub9de\ucd94\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ub354 \uae4a\uc740 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ub193\uce60 \uc704\ud5d8\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74, \ud2b9\ud788 \uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\uc758 \uc5ed\ud560\uc774 \ucee4\uc9c0\ub294 \ud604\uc0c1\uc740 \ubc1c\uc804 \ubb38\uc81c\ub85c\ub3c4 \uc774\ud574\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \ud655\uc7a5\uc740 1980\ub144\ub300 \uc774\ud6c4 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74 \uacbd\uc81c\ub97c \ud615\uc131\ud574 \uc628 \ubc1c\uc804 \uc2e4\ud328\uc5d0 \ubfcc\ub9ac\ub97c \ub450\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uad6c\uc870\uc870\uc815, \ud0c8\uc0b0\uc5c5\ud654, \ubd88\uc548\uc815\ud55c \ub178\ub3d9\uc2dc\uc7a5, \ucde8\uc57d\ud55c \uc77c\uc790\ub9ac \ucc3d\ucd9c, \uc138\uacc4\uacbd\uc81c\ub85c\uc758 \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1\ud55c \ud1b5\ud569\uc740 \ub9ce\uc740 \uccad\ub144\ub4e4\uc744 \ubd80\uc640 \uc774\ub3d9\uc131, \uc18c\ube44\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc138\uacc4\uc801 \uc774\ubbf8\uc9c0\uc640 \uac15\ud558\uac8c \uc5f0\uacb0\uc2dc\ucf30\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc548\uc815\uc801 \uace0\uc6a9, \uc131\uc778\uae30, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc778\uc815\uc73c\ub85c \ub098\uc544\uac08 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uacbd\ub85c\ub294 \ubc15\ud0c8\ud588\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc815\ucc45\uacb0\uc815\uc790\ub4e4\uc740 \uc885\uc885 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\ub97c \uc138\uacc4\ud654\uc758 &#8216;\uc5b4\ub450\uc6b4 \uba74&#8217;\uc73c\ub85c \uaddc\uc815\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc989 \ube60\ub978 \uacbd\uc81c\uc131\uc7a5\uc744 \uc774\ub04c\uc5b4 \uc628 \ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \uc5f0\uacb0\uc131, \uc138\uacc4\uc2dc\uc7a5 \uc811\uadfc, \uae08\uc735 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c, \uad6d\uacbd\uc744 \ub118\ub294 \uc18c\ud1b5\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\ub97c \uc545\uc6a9\ud558\ub294 \ubc94\uc8c4\uc801 \uc77c\ud0c8\uc758 \uacb0\uacfc\ub85c \ubcf8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\ub294 \uc138\uacc4\ud654 \uc790\uccb4\uc758 \ubaa8\uc21c\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c\ub3c4 \ud615\uc131\ub41c\ub2e4. \uc138\uacc4\ud654\ub294 \ud3ec\uc6a9, \ubd80, \uc774\ub3d9\uc131\uc744 \uc57d\uc18d\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c\ub294 \ubd88\uc548\uc815, \ubc30\uc81c, \ud569\ubc95\uc801 \uacbd\uc81c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae4a\uc774 \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1\ud55c \uc811\uadfc\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\ub294 \uacbd\uc6b0\uac00 \ub9ce\ub2e4. \ub9ce\uc740 \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74 \uccad\ub144\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc138\uacc4\ud654\ub294 \uc0c1\uc9d5\uc801\u00b7\uae30\uc220\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uc138\uacc4\uc801 \uae30\ud68c\uc640 \uc5f0\uacb0\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uacbd\uc81c\uc801\u00b7\uc0ac\ud68c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \uadf8 \uae30\ud68c\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc30\uc81c\ub418\ub294 \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \ub0c8\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ub9e5\ub77d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4 \ucc38\uc5ec\ub294 \uc704\ud5d8\ud558\uace0 \ucc29\ucde8\uc801\uc774\uae30\ub294 \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub9c9\ud78c \uc774\ub3d9\uc131, \uc2e4\uc5c5, \uc88c\uc808\ub41c \uc5f4\ub9dd\uc744 \ud5e4\uccd0 \ub098\uac00\ub294 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc774 \ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\ub294 \uc138\uacc4\ud654\uc758 \uc5b4\ub450\uc6b4 \uba74\uc77c \ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc138\uacc4\ud654 \uc2e4\ud328\uc758 \uc0b0\ubb3c\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc774 \uae00\uc758 \ub098\uba38\uc9c0 \ubd80\ubd84\uc774 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub4ef\uc774, \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc758 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\ub294 \ub530\ub77c\uc11c \ud615\uc0ac\uc0ac\ubc95\uc758 \uacfc\uc81c\uc774\uc790 \uc2e4\ud328\ud55c \ubc1c\uc804\uc758 \uc99d\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \ub098\uc774\uc9c0\ub9ac\uc544\uc640 \uac00\ub098 \uac19\uc740 \uacf3\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c\uac00 \uc131\uc7a5\ud55c \ud604\uc0c1\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \ucde8\uc57d\ud55c \uce58\uc548, \ubc94\uc8c4\uc801 \uc77c\ud0c8, \uae30\uc220\uc801 \uae30\ud68c\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c \uc124\uba85\ub420 \uc218 \uc5c6\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub97c \ucd94\ub3d9\ud558\ub294 \ubc1c\uc804 \uacfc\uc81c\uc5d0 \ub300\uc751\ud558\ub294 \uc815\ucc45\uc774 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\uc758 \uc9c0\uc18d\uc801 \uc131\uc7a5<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ucd08\uae30\uc758 &#8216;\ub098\uc774\uc9c0\ub9ac\uc544 \uc655\uc790&#8217; \uc120\ubd88 \uc218\uc218\ub8cc \uc0ac\uae30 \uc774\ud6c4, \uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc758 \uc0ac\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c\ub294 \ud655\uc7a5\ub418\uace0 \ub2e4\ubcc0\ud654\ub418\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70 \ub04a\uc784\uc5c6\uc774 \uc801\uc751\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. \ube44\uad50\uc801 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud55c \uc774\uba54\uc77c \uae30\ubc18 \uc0ac\uae30\ub85c \uc2dc\uc791\ub41c \uac83\uc774 \uc774\uc81c\ub294 \uc120\ubd88 \uc218\uc218\ub8cc \ubc0f \ubbf8\ubc30\uc1a1 \uc0ac\uae30, \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 \ubc0f \uad00\uacc4 \uc0ac\uae30, \ud22c\uc790 \uc0ac\uae30, \ubab8\ucea0 \ud53c\uc2f1, \ud53c\uc2f1, \uc2e0\uc6d0 \ub3c4\uc6a9, \ube44\uc988\ub2c8\uc2a4 \uc774\uba54\uc77c \uce68\ud574 \ub4f1 \ud6e8\uc52c \ub354 \ub113\uc740 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84 \uae30\ubc18 \ubc94\uc8c4 \uc0dd\ud0dc\uacc4\ub85c \ubc1c\uc804\ud588\ub2e4(\uadf8\ub9bc 1 \ucc38\uc870).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-11854 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"703\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02.png 1280w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02-1024x562.png 1024w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02-768x422.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02-765x420.png 765w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02-150x82.png 150w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02-696x382.png 696w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02-1068x587.png 1068w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uac00 \uc0ac\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c\uc5d0\uc11c \ud2b9\ud788 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc7a5\uc18c\uac00 \ub41c \ub370\uc5d0\ub294 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc774\uc720\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub098\uc774\uc9c0\ub9ac\uc544\uc640 \uac00\ub098 \uac19\uc740 \uad6d\uac00\ub4e4\uc740 \ube44\uad50\uc801 \uad50\uc721 \uc218\uc900\uc774 \ub192\uc740 \uccad\ub144 \uc778\uad6c\uac00 \ub9ce\uace0, \uc601\uc5b4 \ub2a5\ub825\uc774 \ub192\uc73c\uba70, \ud574\uc678 \uc774\uc8fc\uc640 \ucd08\uad6d\uc801 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc5f0\uacb0\uc758 \uc624\ub79c \uc5ed\uc0ac\ub97c \uac16\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc694\uc778\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0ac\uae30\ubc94\ub4e4\uc774 \ubd81\ubbf8\uc640 \uc720\ub7fd\uc758 \ud53c\ud574\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc \uc18c\ud1b5\ud558\uae30 \uc27d\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc778\ud130\ub137 \uc811\uadfc, \ud734\ub300\uc804\ud654 \uc0ac\uc6a9, \ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \uacb0\uc81c \uc2dc\uc2a4\ud15c\uc758 \ud655\ub300\ub294 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84 \uae30\ubc18 \uc0ac\uae30\uc758 \uae30\ud68c\ub97c \ub354\uc6b1 \ub298\ub838\ub2e4. \ubbf8\uad6d\uacfc \uc720\ub7fd \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \uc704\uce58\ud55c \uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc758 \uc2dc\uac04\ub300 \uc5ed\uc2dc \uc138\uacc4\uc758 \ub9ce\uc740 \ub2e4\ub978 \uc9c0\uc5ed\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ud574\uc678 \ud53c\ud574\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc \uc2e4\uc2dc\uac04\uc73c\ub85c \uc18c\ud1b5\ud558\uae30 \uc27d\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4(Button et al. 2024).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1990\ub144\ub300\uc640 2000\ub144\ub300\uc5d0 \ub354 \uc800\ub834\ud574\uc9c4 \ucef4\ud4e8\ud130, \uc778\ud130\ub137 \uce74\ud398, \uacf5\uacf5\ub3c4\uc11c\uad00, \uc804 \uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc811\uadfc \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc774\uba54\uc77c \ud50c\ub7ab\ud3fc\uc740 \uc628\ub77c\uc778 \uc0ac\uae30\uc758 \ube60\ub978 \ud655\uc0b0\uc744 \uac00\ub2a5\ud558\uac8c \ud588\ub2e4. \ucd08\uae30 \uc0ac\uae30\ubc94\ub4e4\uc774 \uc57c\ud6c4 \uc774\uba54\uc77c \uacc4\uc815\uc744 \ub110\ub9ac \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uba74\uc11c &#8216;\uc57c\ud6c4 \ubcf4\uc774\uc988(Yahoo Boys)&#8217;\ub77c\ub294 \uba85\uce6d\uc774 \uc0dd\uaca8\ub0ac\uace0, \uc774\ub294 \ud2b9\ud788 \ub098\uc774\uc9c0\ub9ac\uc544\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\ud130\ub137 \uc0ac\uae30\uc5d0 \uad00\uc5ec\ud55c \uc80a\uc740 \ub0a8\uc131\ub4e4\uc744 \uac00\ub9ac\ud0a4\ub294 \uc57d\uce6d\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \uc9c0\ub098\uba74\uc11c \uc774 \uc6a9\uc5b4\ub294 \ud2b9\uc815 \uc720\ud615\uc758 \uc0ac\uae30\ubc94\ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc5f4\ub9dd\uacfc \ubd88\ubc95\uc801 \uae30\uc5c5\uac00\uc815\uc2e0\uc758 \ub354 \ub113\uc740 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \ubb18\uc0ac\ud558\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub300\uc911\ubb38\ud654\uc5d0\uc11c \uc57c\ud6c4 \ubcf4\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc778\ubb3c\uc0c1\uc740 \ud569\ubc95\uc801 \uace0\uc6a9\uacfc \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc774\ub3d9\uc758 \uacbd\ub85c\uac00 \uc885\uc885 \ub9c9\ud600 \uc788\ub294 \uc0c1\ud669\uc5d0\uc11c \ube60\ub978 \ub3c8, \uacfc\uc2dc\uc801 \uc18c\ube44, \uc9c0\uc704 \ucd94\uad6c\uc640 \uc5f0\uacb0\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ubc94\uc8c4\ub294 \ub610\ud55c \ub354 \uc870\uc9c1\ud654\ub418\uace0 \uc804\ubb38\ud654\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc9c0\ub09c 10\ub144 \ub3d9\uc548 \uc774\ub978\ubc14 &#8216;\ud5c8\uc2ac \ud0b9\ub364(hustle kingdoms)&#8217;\uc774 \ub4f1\uc7a5\ud588\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \uacbd\ud5d8 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc0ac\uae30\ubc94\ub4e4\uc774 \uc2e0\uc785 \ucc38\uc5ec\uc790\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc628\ub77c\uc778 \uc0ac\uae30\ub97c \uc218\ud589\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\ubc95\uc744 \uac00\ub974\uce58\ub294 \ube44\uacf5\uc2dd\uc801 \ub610\ub294 \ubc18\uc870\uc9c1\uc801 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4 \ud6c8\ub828 &#8216;\ud559\uad50&#8217;\ub85c, \uc2e4\ubb34 \ud6c8\ub828, \ub300\ubcf8, \uae30\uc220 \uc870\uc5b8, \uba58\ud1a0\ub9c1, \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c \uc811\uadfc\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\uc5ec \uace0\uae09 \uae30\uc220 \ub2a5\ub825\uc774 \uc5c6\ub294 \uccad\ub144\ub4e4\ub3c4 \uc27d\uac8c \uc9c4\uc785\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\uac8c \ud55c\ub2e4(Lazarus &amp; Soares 2024). \ucf58\ud504\ub798\ud130\ub2c8\ud2f0(confraternities) \uc5ed\uc2dc \uc774 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4 \uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\uc5d0\uc11c \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. \ube14\ub799 \uc561\uc2a4(Black Axe)\uc640 \uac19\uc740 \uc9d1\ub2e8\uc740 \uc6d0\ub798 \ub0a8\ud559\uc0dd\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc5f0\ub300\uac10, \uc815\uccb4\uc131, \uc0c1\ud638\uc9c0\uc6d0, \ubcf4\ud638, \uc9c0\uc704, \uc601\ud5a5\ub825 \uc788\ub294 \uc0ac\ud68c \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc811\uadfc\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \ub098\uc774\uc9c0\ub9ac\uc544 \ub300\ud559 \uae30\ubc18 \ub0a8\uc131 \uacb0\uc0ac\uccb4\ub85c \uc2dc\uc791\ud588\ub2e4. \uc2dc\uac04\uc774 \ud750\ub974\uba74\uc11c \uc77c\ubd80 \ucf58\ud504\ub798\ud130\ub2c8\ud2f0\ub294 \ucd08\uad6d\uc801 \ubc94\uc8c4 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\ub85c \uc9c4\ud654\ud588\ub2e4(Lazarus 2025).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uae30\uc220 \ubcc0\ud654\ub294 \uc9c4\uc785 \uc7a5\ubcbd\uc744 \ub354\uc6b1 \ub0ae\ucd94\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc774\uc81c \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\uc5d0 \ucc38\uc5ec\ud558\ub824\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uc774 \ubc18\ub4dc\uc2dc \uace0\uae09 \ucf54\ub529 \ub2a5\ub825\uc744 \uac16\ucd9c \ud544\uc694\ub294 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uae30 \ub300\ubcf8, \ud53c\uc2f1 \ud0a4\ud2b8, \uac00\uc9dc \uc6f9\uc0ac\uc774\ud2b8, \ub3c4\ub09c \ub370\uc774\ud130, \ub79c\uc12c\uc6e8\uc5b4 \ud328\ud0a4\uc9c0, \ud29c\ud1a0\ub9ac\uc5bc, \uc790\uae08\uc138\ud0c1 \uc11c\ube44\uc2a4\ub294 \ubaa8\ub450 \ub514\uc2a4\ucf54\ub4dc\uc640 \ud154\ub808\uadf8\ub7a8 \uac19\uc740 \uc554\ud638\ud654\ub41c \ud50c\ub7ab\ud3fc\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \uad6c\ub9e4\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc758 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4 \uacbd\uc81c\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \ub9e4\uc6b0 \ub2e4\uc591\ud558\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0\ub294 \ud63c\uc790 \ud65c\ub3d9\ud558\ub294 \uc18c\uaddc\ubaa8 \uac1c\uc778, \ub290\uc2a8\ud55c \ub3d9\ub8cc \uc9d1\ub2e8, \ubc18\uc870\uc9c1\uc801 \ud6c8\ub828 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c, \ucf58\ud504\ub798\ud130\ub2c8\ud2f0\uc640 \uc5f0\uacb0\ub41c \uad6c\uc870, \ub354 \uc815\uad50\ud55c \ucd08\uad6d\uc801 \ubc94\uc8c4\uc870\uc9c1\uc774 \ud3ec\ud568\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\ubc95\uc9d1\ud589\uc758 \ud55c\uacc4<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc758 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc815\ucc45 \ub300\uc751\uc740 \ubd84\uba85\ud55c \uc774\uc720\ub85c \uac15\ud654\ub418\uc5b4 \uc654\ub2e4. FBI\ub294 2009\ub144\ubd80\ud130 2023\ub144\uae4c\uc9c0 BEC \uc0ac\uae30\ub85c \uc778\ud55c \uc190\uc2e4\uc774 500\uc5b5 \ub2ec\ub7ec\ub97c \ub118\ub294\ub2e4\uace0 \ucd94\uc0b0\ud558\uba70, \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 \uc0ac\uae30\ub294 \ud53c\ud574\uc790\uc5d0\uac8c \uc7ac\uc815\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub098 \uc2ec\ub9ac\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \ud30c\uad34\uc801\uc774\ub2e4(FBI, 2024). \ud55c \ucd5c\uadfc \uc5f0\uad6c\ub294 \ubbf8\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c\ub9cc \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 \uc0ac\uae30 \uc190\uc2e4\uc774 2023\ub144\uc5d0 \uc57d 13\uc5b5 \ub2ec\ub7ec\uc5d0 \uc774\ub974\ub800\ub2e4\uace0 \uc9c0\uc801\ud55c\ub2e4(Button et al. 2025).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uacbd\ucc30\uacfc \uad6d\uc81c\uae30\uad6c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc810\uc810 \ub354 \ub9ce\uc740 \ub2e8\uc18d\uc73c\ub85c \ub300\uc751\ud574 \uc654\ub2e4. 2024\ub144 \uc778\ud130\ud3f4\uacfc AFRIPOL\uc774 \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74 19\uac1c\uad6d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc870\uc728\ud55c \uc138\ub81d\uac8c\ud2f0 \uc791\uc804(Operation Serengeti)\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2f9\uad6d\uc740 1,006\uba85\uc744 \uccb4\ud3ec\ud558\uace0, \uc57d 35,000\uba85\uc758 \ud53c\ud574\uc790\ub97c \ud655\uc778\ud588\uc73c\uba70, \uad00\ub828 \uc190\uc2e4 \uc57d 1\uc5b5 9,300\ub9cc \ub2ec\ub7ec\ub97c \ubc1d\ud600\ub0c8\ub2e4(Associated Press 2024). \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc791\uc804\uc740 \uc815\ubcf4 \uacf5\uc720\uc640 \uc870\uc728\ub41c \uc9d1\ud589\uc774 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\ub97c \uad50\ub780\ud558\uace0, \uc790\uae08\uc744 \ud68c\uc218\ud558\uba70, \ucd08\uad6d\uc801 \ubc94\uc8c4 \uc5f0\uacb0\ub9dd\uc744 \ub4dc\ub7ec\ub0bc \uc218 \uc788\uc74c\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \ub300\uaddc\ubaa8 \ub2e8\uc18d\uc870\ucc28 \ub354 \ub113\uc740 \uc0ac\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \uaddc\ubaa8\uc5d0 \ub9de\uc11c \uc5bc\ub9c8\ub098 \uc81c\ud55c\uc801\uc778\uc9c0\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\uc0ac\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c \uc544\ub798\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804 \uc704\uae30<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc0ac\uc774\ubc84 \uc0ac\uae30\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uce58\uc548 \ub300\uc751\uc774 \uc81c\ud55c\ub41c \uc131\uacf5\ub9cc\uc744 \uac70\ub450\ub294 \uc774\uc720 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\ub294, \uadf8\uac83\uc774 \uc0ac\uae30 \ubd80\ubb38\uc744 \ucd94\ub3d9\ud558\ub294 \ud6e8\uc52c \ub354 \ub113\uc740 \uad6c\uc870\uc801 \uc555\ub825\uc5d0 \ub9de\uc11c\uace0 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uccab \ubc88\uc9f8 \ub3d9\uc778\uc740 \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \ubd88\uc548\uc815\uc774\ub2e4. \ube48\uace4\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \ub300\uaddc\ubaa8 \uc0ac\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \uc131\uc7a5\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \ube48\uace4\ud55c \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc774 \ubaa8\ub450 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84 \uc0ac\uae30\uc758 \uc8fc\uc694 \uc911\uc2ec\uc9c0\uac00 \ub418\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc774\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc55e\uc11c \uac15\uc870\ud55c \uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc640 \ub0a8\ubd80 \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74 \uc77c\ubd80 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc758 \uac00\ub2a5 \uc870\uac74, \uc989 \uc591\ud638\ud55c \uad50\uc721 \uc218\uc900, \uc601\uc5b4 \ub2a5\ub825, \uc778\ud130\ub137 \uc811\uadfc\uc131, \uc720\ub7fd \ubc0f \ubd81\ubbf8 \uc2dc\uac04\ub300\uc640\uc758 \uadfc\uc811\uc131, \uc11c\uad6c \ubb38\ud654\uc801 \ucc38\uc870\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uce5c\uc219\ud568\uacfc \uacb0\ud569\ub420 \ub54c, \uadf9\uc2ec\ud55c \ube48\uace4\uc744 \uacbd\ud5d8\ud558\uace0 \ubd88\uc548\uc815\ud558\uace0 \ubd88\uc548\uc815\ud558\uba70 \uc800\uc784\uae08\uc758 \ube44\uacf5\uc2dd \ub178\ub3d9\uc5d0 \uc9c1\uba74\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc0ac\uae30 \ub178\ub3d9\uc740 \uc2e4\ud589 \uac00\ub2a5\ud55c \uc0dd\uacc4 \uc120\ud0dd\uc9c0\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ub098\uc774\uc9c0\ub9ac\uc544\ub294 \uc774 \ub354 \ub113\uc740 \ubc1c\uc804 \uc704\uae30\ub97c \uc798 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4. 1970\ub144\ub300 \uc11d\uc720 \ubd90\uc740 \ubc88\uc601, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc774\ub3d9\uc131, \uad6d\uac00 \uc8fc\ub3c4 \ubc1c\uc804\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uae30\ub300\ub97c \ub192\uc600\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc5f4\ub9dd\uc740 1980\ub144\ub300\uc758 \ubd80\ucc44 \uc704\uae30, \uae34\ucd95, \uacbd\uc81c \uc1e0\ud1f4\ub85c \ubb34\ub108\uc84c\ub2e4. \ub098\uc774\uc9c0\ub9ac\uc544\uc758 \uc0ac\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c\ub294 \uadf8 \ub4a4\ub97c \uc774\uc740 \uc7a5\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c\uc704\uae30 \uc18d\uc5d0\uc11c \ubfcc\ub9ac\ub0b4\ub838\uace0, \uc774 \uc704\uae30\ub294 \uc2e4\uc5c5, \ubd88\uc548\uc815, \uacf5\uc2dd\uc801 \uc0c1\uc2b9 \uacbd\ub85c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc2e0\ub8b0 \ud558\ub77d\uc744 \ub0b3\uc558\ub2e4. \uc774\ud6c4 \uc778\ud130\ub137\uc758 \ud655\uc0b0\uc740 \ud574\uc678\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ub3c8\uc744 \ubc8c \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc0c8\ub85c\uc6b4 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \uc5f4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub098\uc774\uc9c0\ub9ac\uc544\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc11d\uc720\uc5d0 \ud06c\uac8c \uc758\uc874\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc11d\uc720\ub294 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \uc218\ucd9c\uc758 \uc555\ub3c4\uc801 \ube44\uc911\uacfc \uc815\ubd80 \uc218\uc785\uc758 \ud070 \ubd80\ubd84\uc744 \ucc28\uc9c0\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc218\uc785 \uad6c\uc870\ub294 \uad11\ubc94\uc704\ud558\uace0 \uc548\uc815\uc801\uc778 \uace0\uc6a9\uc744 \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5b4 \ub0b4\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud588\ub2e4. \ub300\uc2e0 \uacbd\uc81c\ub294 \ubc18\ubcf5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubcc0\ub3d9\uc131, \ubd80\ud328, \ubd80\ucc44 \uc555\ubc15, \uac70\ub300\ud55c \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ud615\uc131\ub418\uc5b4 \uc654\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub294 \ub300\ub2e4\uc218\uc758 \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \uace0\ud1b5\uacfc \ub098\ub780\ud788 \uc18c\uc218\uc758 \uacfc\uc2dc\uc801 \uc18c\ube44\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c\ub2e4. \ucd5c\uadfc \ub178\ub3d9\uc2dc\uc7a5 \uc790\ub8cc\ub294 \uc774 \ubb38\uc81c\ub97c \ubd84\uba85\ud788 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4. \uc784\uae08\ub178\ub3d9\uc5d0 \uc885\uc0ac\ud558\ub294 \ub178\ub3d9\uc790\ub294 \uc18c\uc218\uc5d0 \ubd88\uacfc\ud558\uace0, \uc555\ub3c4\uc801 \ub2e4\uc218\ub294 \uc790\uc601\uc5c5\uc790\uc774\uac70\ub098 \ube44\uacf5\uc2dd\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc77c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc5f0\ub8cc \ubcf4\uc870\uae08 \ucca0\ud3d0\uc640 \ud1b5\ud654 \ud3c9\uac00\uc808\ud558\ub97c \ud3ec\ud568\ud55c \ucd5c\uadfc \uac1c\ud601\uc740 \uacf5\uacf5\uc7ac\uc815\uc744 \uc548\uc815\uc2dc\ud0a4\uae30 \uc704\ud55c \uac83\uc774\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub3d9\uc2dc\uc5d0 \uc778\ud50c\ub808\uc774\uc158\uacfc \uc2ec\uac01\ud55c \uc0dd\ud65c\ube44 \uc704\uae30\ub97c \ubd80\ucd94\uacbc\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ub450 \ubc88\uc9f8 \ub3d9\uc778\uc740 \uc88c\uc808\ub41c \uccad\ub144\uc758 \uc5f4\ub9dd\uc774\ub2e4. \ub098\uc774\uc9c0\ub9ac\uc544\ub294 \uc80a\uc740 \uc778\uad6c\ub97c \uac00\uc9c4 \ub098\ub77c\ub85c, \uc778\uad6c\uc758 3\ubd84\uc758 2\uac00 30\uc138 \uc774\ud558\uc774\ub2e4. \ub9ce\uc740 \uccad\ub144\ub4e4\uc740 \uc5b4\ub290 \uc815\ub3c4 \uad50\uc721\uc744 \ubc1b\uc558\uace0, \ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \ubb38\ud574\ub825\uc744 \uac16\ucd94\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \uc774\ub3d9\uc131, \uc18c\ube44, \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801 \uc778\uc815\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uac15\ud55c \uc5f4\ub9dd\uc744 \uac00\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc774\ub4e4\uc744 \ud761\uc218\ud560 \uc548\uc815\uc801 \uc77c\uc790\ub9ac\ub294 \ub108\ubb34 \uc801\ub2e4. \uadf8 \uacb0\uacfc \uccad\ub144\ub4e4\uc774 \uc695\ub9dd\ud558\ub3c4\ub85d \uc7a5\ub824\ub418\ub294 \uac83\uacfc \uacbd\uc81c\uac00 \ud604\uc2e4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ub2ec\uc131\ud558\uac8c \ud574 \uc8fc\ub294 \uac83 \uc0ac\uc774\uc5d0 \ud070 \uac04\uadf9\uc774 \uc0dd\uae30\uba70, \ub9ce\uc740 \uc774\ub4e4\uc774 \uc7a5\uae30\uac04\uc758 &#8216;\ub300\uae30 \uc0c1\ud0dc(waithood)&#8217;\ub97c \uacbd\ud5d8\ud558\uac8c \ub41c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uc6a9\uc5b4\ub294 \ucc98\uc74c\uc5d0\ub294 \uc911\ub3d9\uc758 \uccad\ub144 \uc774\ud589 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ub418\uc5c8\uace0, \uc774\ud6c4 \uc54c\uc2e0\ub2e4 \ud63c\uc640\ub098(Alcinda Honwana, 2012)\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uc804\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub300\uae30 \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub780 \uccad\ub144\ub4e4\uc774 \ub354 \uc774\uc0c1 \uc5b4\ub9b0\uc774\ub294 \uc544\ub2c8\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc778\uc815\ubc1b\ub294 \uc131\uc778\uae30\uc5d0 \ub3c4\ub2ec\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\ub294 \uc7a5\uae30\uc801 \uae30\uac04\uc744 \uc758\ubbf8\ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub4e4\uc740 \uc77c\ud558\uace0, \uacb0\ud63c\ud558\uace0, \ub3c5\ub9bd\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0b4\uace0, \uce5c\uc871\uc744 \ubd80\uc591\ud560 \ub098\uc774\uac00 \ub418\uc5c8\uc744 \uc218 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uadf8\ub807\uac8c \ud558\ub294 \ub370 \ud544\uc694\ud55c \uc548\uc815\uc801 \uc18c\ub4dd, \uc8fc\uac70, \uc9c0\uc704\ub97c \ud655\ubcf4\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c\ub294 \uac15\ud654\ub41c \uc5f4\ub9dd\uacfc \ub9c9\ud78c \uae30\ud68c \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \uc774 \uac04\uadf9\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc88\uc131\ud55c\ub2e4. \uccad\ub144\ub4e4\uc740 \uc57c\uc2ec\ucc28\uace0, \uae30\uc5c5\uac00\uc801\uc774\uba70, \uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc5f0\uacb0\ub418\ub77c\uace0 \uc7a5\ub824\ubc1b\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uacf5\uc2dd \ub178\ub3d9\uc2dc\uc7a5\uc740 \ubd80, \uc774\ub3d9\uc131, \uc778\uc815\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\ub294 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ud560 \ub9cc\ud55c \uacbd\ub85c\ub97c \uac70\uc758 \uc81c\uacf5\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\uba74 \uc0ac\uae30\ub294 \uc77c\ubd80\uc5d0\uac8c \ubd88\ubc95\uc801 \uae30\uc5c5\uac00\uc815\uc2e0\uc758 \ud55c \ud615\ud0dc, \uc989 \uc0ac\ud68c\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uac00\uce58 \uc788\ub294 \ubaa9\ud45c\ub97c \ube44\ud569\ubc95\uc801 \uc218\ub2e8\uc744 \ud1b5\ud574 \ucd94\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc774 \ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc138 \ubc88\uc9f8 \ub3d9\uc778\uc740 \uc0ac\uae30 \ub178\ub3d9\uc744 \ub458\ub7ec\uc2fc \ub3c4\ub355\uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \ubcc0\ud654\uc774\ub2e4. \uc77c\ubd80 \uacf5\ub3d9\uccb4\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84 \uc0ac\uae30\ub294 \ub2e8\uc9c0 \uc6a9\uc778\ub420 \ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc120\ub9dd\uc758 \ub300\uc0c1\uc774 \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. \uc131\uacf5\ud55c \uc0ac\uae30\ubc94\ub4e4\uc740 \ud2b9\ud788 \uac00\uc871, \uce5c\uad6c, \uad50\ud68c \ub610\ub294 \uc9c0\uc5ed \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\uc5d0 \ub3c8\uc744 \uc7ac\ubd84\ubc30\ud560 \ub54c \uc601\ub9ac\ud558\uace0, \uc218\uc644\uc774 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uad00\ub300\ud55c \uc0ac\ub78c\uc73c\ub85c \uc5ec\uaca8\uc9c8 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uae30\ubc94\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uc778\ubb3c\uc0c1\uc740 \ud589\uc704\uc131\uacfc \uc0dd\uc874, \uc989 &#8216;\ud5c8\uc2ac&#8217;\ud558\uace0, &#8216;\uc131\uacf5&#8217;\ud558\uba70, \uac00\ub09c\uc5d0 \uba38\ubb34\ub974\uae30\ub97c \uac70\ubd80\ud558\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\uacfc \uc5f0\uacb0\ub420 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc11c\uc0ac\ub294 \ubd88\uacf5\uc815\ud55c \uccb4\uc81c\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc778\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \uac15\ud654\ub41c\ub2e4. \ubd80\ud328, \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1, \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uba74\ucc45\uc774 \ub450\ub4dc\ub7ec\uc9c0\ub294 \ub9e5\ub77d\uc5d0\uc11c \uc77c\ubd80 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0ac\uae30\ub97c \uc774\ubbf8 \uae30\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c \uad6c\uc870\ud654\ub41c \uc138\uacc4\ub97c \ud5e4\uccd0 \ub098\uac00\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc73c\ub85c \ud569\ub9ac\ud654\ud55c\ub2e4. \uac00\ub098\uc758 \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 \uc0ac\uae30 \uac00\ud574\uc790\ub4e4\uacfc\uc758 \uc778\ud130\ubdf0\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc77c\ubd80\uac00 \uc0ac\uae30\ub97c \uc2dd\ubbfc\uc9c0 \ucc29\ucde8\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ubcf4\uc0c1\uc801 \uc815\uc758\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c, \uc989 \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc5d0\uc11c \ube7c\uc557\uae34 \ubd80\ub97c \uc8fc\ub85c \ubc31\uc778\uacfc \uc11c\uad6c \ud53c\ud574\uc790\ub4e4\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \uc815\ub2f9\ud558\uac8c \ub418\ucc3e\ub294 &#8216;\uc5ed\ucd94\ucd9c&#8217;\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \uc124\uba85\ud588\uc74c\uc744 \ubc1c\uacac\ud588\ub2e4(Lazarus et al. 2026). \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \uc218\uc0ac\ub294 \ubc1c\uc0dd\ud55c \ud53c\ud574\ub97c \uc815\ub2f9\ud654\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc0ac\uae30\ubc94\ub4e4\uc774 \uc808\ub3c4\ub97c \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801 \ubcf4\uc0c1\uc73c\ub85c \uc7ac\uad6c\uc131\ud568\uc73c\ub85c\uc368 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \ud589\uc704\ub97c \ub3c4\ub355\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc911\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\uac1c\ubc1c \uacfc\uc81c\ub85c\uc11c\uc758 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4 \ub300\uc751<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc5d0\uc11c \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\uc758 \ubd80\uc0c1\uc740 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \ubc94\uc8c4\uc801 \uc77c\ud0c8\uacfc \ud601\uc2e0\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc774\uc57c\uae30\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uac1c\ubc1c \uc2e4\ud328, \ub9c9\ud78c \ubbf8\ub798, \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1\ud55c \uc138\uacc4\uc801 \ud1b5\ud569\uc5d0 \uad00\ud55c \uc774\uc57c\uae30\uc774\uae30\ub3c4 \ud558\ub2e4. \uc774\ub294 \ub9c9\ub300\ud55c \ud53c\ud574\ub97c \ucd08\ub798\ud558\ub294 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc744 \ubbf8\ud654\ud558\uac70\ub098 \uc815\ub2f9\ud654\ud558\ub824\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \ub2e4\ub9cc \uce58\uc548\uacfc \ub3c4\ub355\uc801 \ube44\ub09c\uc5d0\ub9cc \ucd08\uc810\uc744 \ub9de\ucd98 \ub300\uc751\uc740 \uc0ac\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c\ub97c \ub4b7\ubc1b\uce68\ud558\ub294 \ubc1c\uc804 \uc704\uae30\ub97c \ubb34\uc2dc\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74 \uacc4\uc18d \ubd80\uc801\uc808\ud560 \uac83\uc784\uc744 \uac15\uc870\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc0ac\uc774\ubc84 \uc0ac\uae30\uac00 \ub9c9\ud78c \uccad\ub144 \uc774\ud589, \uc2ec\uac01\ud55c \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1, \uc587\uc740 \uacf5\uc2dd \uace0\uc6a9 \uae30\ubc18, \ubd80\ud328, \uae30\ub9cc\uc744 \uc815\ub2f9\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ub110\ub9ac \uacf5\uc720\ub41c \uc11c\uc0ac\ub85c\ubd80\ud130 \ud798\uc744 \uc5bb\ub294\ub2e4\uba74, \ub300\uc751\uc5d0\ub294 \uc2e0\ub8b0\ud560 \ub9cc\ud55c \uccad\ub144 \uace0\uc6a9 \uacbd\ub85c, \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \uc791\ub3d9\ud558\ub294 \uad50\uc721-\ub178\ub3d9 \uc774\ud589, \ub354 \uac15\ud55c \uc9c0\uc5ed \uc81c\ub3c4, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \ubc30\uc81c\ub97c \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \uc548\ubcf4 \uc704\ud611\uc73c\ub85c \uad00\ub9ac\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc904\uc774\ub294 \ubc1c\uc804 \ubc29\uc2dd\uc774 \ud3ec\ud568\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uccad\ub144\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uae30\uc5c5\uac00\uc801\uc774\uace0, \uc790\ub9bd\uc801\uc774\uba70, \uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc5f0\uacb0\ub418\ub77c\uace0 \ub9d0\ud558\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \uacf5\uc2dd \uacbd\uc81c\uac00 \ube44\uacf5\uc2dd \ub178\ub3d9, \ubd88\uc548\uc815\ud55c \uc18c\ub4dd, \ub9c9\ud78c \uc131\uc778\uae30\ub9cc\uc744 \uc81c\uacf5\ud55c\ub2e4\uba74, \ubd88\ubc95\uc801 \uae30\uc5c5\uac00\uc815\uc2e0\uc740 \uc5f4\ub9dd\uc744 \ucd94\uad6c\ud558\ub294 \ud558\ub098\uc758 \uacbd\ub85c\ub85c \uacc4\uc18d \ub0a8\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\uc0ac\uae30 \uc0b0\uc5c5\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ud604\uc7ac\uc758 \uc815\ucc45 \ub300\uc751\uc740 \ub9c8\ud06c \ub354\ud544\ub4dc(Mark Duffield, 2007)\uac00 \uc720\uba85\ud558\uac8c &#8216;\ubc1c\uc804-\uc548\ubcf4 \uc5f0\uacc4(development-security nexus)&#8217;\ub77c\uace0 \ubd80\ub978 \uac83\uc744 \uc804\ud615\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc904 \uc704\ud5d8\uc774 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub354\ud544\ub4dc\ub294 \ud604\ub300\uc758 \ubc1c\uc804\uc774 \uc138\uacc4\uc801 \ud3c9\ub4f1\uacfc \uc7ac\ubd84\ubc30\uc5d0 \uad00\uc2ec\uc744 \ub454 \uc815\uce58\uc801 \uae30\ud68d\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc97\uc5b4\ub098, \uc138\uacc4\uc801 \ubc88\uc601\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc30\uc81c\ub41c \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4 \uc0ac\uc774\uc758 \ubd88\uc548\uc815\uc744 \uad00\ub9ac\ud558\ub294 \uc548\ubcf4 \uae30\ud68d\uc73c\ub85c \uc774\ub3d9\ud588\ub2e4\uace0 \uacbd\uace0\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774\ub7ec\ud55c \ud2c0\uc5d0\uc11c \ubc1c\uc804\uc740 \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1\uc744 \uc0dd\uc0b0\ud558\ub294 \uad6c\uc870\ub97c \ubcc0\ud654\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uae30\ubcf4\ub2e4, \uadf8 \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1\uc758 \uad50\ub780\uc801 \ud6a8\uacfc\ub97c \uc5b5\uc81c\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \uac00\uae4c\uc6cc\uc9c4\ub2e4. \uc774\ub97c \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\uc5d0 \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\uba74 \uc704\ud5d8\uc740 \ubd84\uba85\ud558\ub2e4. \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74 \uccad\ub144\ub4e4\uc740 \uc758\ubbf8 \uc788\ub294 \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \ubbf8\ub798\ub85c\ubd80\ud130\uc758 \ubc30\uc81c \uc790\uccb4\uac00 \ubb38\uc81c\uc758 \uc77c\ubd80\uc778 \uc2dc\ubbfc\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uad00\ub9ac\ub418\uace0 \uaddc\uc728\ub418\uba70 \uac10\uc2dc\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud560 \uc704\ud5d8\uc73c\ub85c \uc8fc\ub85c \ud504\ub808\uc784\ud654\ub41c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\ub530\ub77c\uc11c \uacfc\uc81c\ub294 \uce58\uc548\uacfc \ubc1c\uc804 \uc911 \ud558\ub098\ub97c \uc120\ud0dd\ud558\ub294 \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\uc5d0\ub294 \ub458 \ub2e4 \ud544\uc694\ud558\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uc9d1\ud589\uc740 \ub354 \ub113\uc740 \ubc1c\uc804 \uc758\uc81c \uc18d\uc5d0 \ud3ec\ud568\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub807\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc73c\uba74 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\ub294 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc744 \uc5f0\uacb0\ud558\uba74\uc11c\ub3c4 \ub3d9\ub4f1\ud558\uac8c \ud3ec\ud568\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \uc138\uacc4\uc9c8\uc11c\uc758 \uc99d\uc0c1\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc77c\ud0c8\uc801 \uac1c\uc778\ub4e4\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\ub85c \ub2e4\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc9c8 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1 class=\"isselectedend\" style=\"text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Cybercrime in West Africa: Scam economies, youth aspiration and failed development<\/span><\/strong><\/h1>\n<h3><strong>The Scam Economy in West Africa: Cybercrime, youth aspiration and failed development<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">For many people of the early internet generation, one of the first memorable encounters with online deception in the 1990s and early 2000s was the infamous \u201cNigerian prince\u201d email: an implausible tale of frozen millions, a plea for help, and the promise of a generous reward. Scammers typically claimed to be members of a persecuted royal family who needed assistance moving money out of the country. In return, victims were promised a generous share of the fortune. They were then asked to pay upfront \u201cfees\u201d, taxes, legal costs, or bribes before the money could be released. The promised fortune, of course, never materialised.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">These so-called \u201cadvance-fee\u201d frauds offered an early glimpse of a cybercrime industry that has since grown into one of the most profitable and adaptive criminal enterprises in the world. A recent global assessment estimated that scams and fraud generated more than US$1 trillion in 2024, roughly 1% of global GDP, while 57% of adults worldwide reported some form of scam exposure in 2025 (Amerhauser &amp; Goodwin 2026).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Parts of West and Southern Africa, especially Nigeria and Ghana, have become significant nodes in the global cybercrime economy. Nigeria ranked fifth and Ghana thirteenth globally in the 2024 World Cybercrime Index. These activities target victims across Africa, but they are also global in reach. In the United States, cybercrime losses are now measured in the tens of billions of dollars annually, and West African networks have been linked to several high-volume scam economies, especially business email compromise, romance fraud and sextortion (see Figure 1).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">In response, governments, international organisations and law enforcement agencies emphasise the need for better policing, stronger cybercrime legislation, improved investigative capacity, international cooperation, and investment in technology, equipment and training. These responses are important, particularly given the speed with which criminal networks adapt to new technologies such as artificial intelligence, cryptocurrency and encrypted communication platforms. However, a narrow focus on policing risks missing a deeper point. Africa\u2019s growing role in cybercrime, especially in West Africa, must also be understood as a development problem. The expansion of the scam economy is rooted in the development failures that have shaped many African economies since the 1980s. Structural adjustment, deindustrialisation, precarious labour markets, weak job creation, and unequal forms of integration into the global economy have left many young people highly connected to global images of wealth, mobility and consumption, while denying them stable routes into employment, adulthood and social recognition.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Policymakers often characterise cybercrime as the \u2018dark side\u2019 of globalisation: a consequence of criminal deviance that exploits the forms of digital connectivity, access to global markets, financial networks and cross-border communication that have driven rapid economic growth. Yet, cybercrime is also shaped by the contradictions of globalisation itself: a system that promises inclusion, wealth and mobility, but often delivers insecurity, exclusion and deeply unequal access to the legitimate economy. For many young Africans, globalisation has created a world in which they are connected to global opportunities symbolically and technologically, but excluded from them economically and socially. In this context, participation in cybercrime can become one way, however risky and exploitative, of navigating blocked mobility, unemployment and frustrated aspirations. Cybercrime is not only the dark side of globalisation; it is also one of the products of its failures.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">As the rest of this essay goes on to show, cybercrime in Africa should therefore be understood as both a criminal justice challenge and a symptom of failed development. The growth of scam economies in places such as Nigeria and Ghana cannot be explained simply by weak policing, criminal deviance, or technological opportunity but require responses that address the development challenges that drive it.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>The rise and rise of Cybercrime in West Africa<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Since the early \u2018Nigerian prince\u2019 advance-fee frauds, West Africa\u2019s scam economy has expanded, diversified and continually adapted. What began with relatively simple email-based fraud has developed into a much wider ecosystem of cyber-enabled crime, including advance-fee and non-delivery fraud, romance and relationship scams, investment fraud, sextortion, phishing, identity theft and business email compromise (see Figure 1).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-12134\" src=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02_eng.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02_eng.png 1280w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02_eng-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02_eng-1024x484.png 1024w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02_eng-768x363.png 768w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02_eng-889x420.png 889w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02_eng-150x71.png 150w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02_eng-696x329.png 696w, https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/meehan_02_eng-1068x505.png 1068w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">West Africa became a particularly important site for this economy for several reasons. Countries such as Nigeria and Ghana have large populations of relatively well-educated young people, high levels of English-language ability, and long histories of outward migration and transnational social connection. These factors made it easier for scammers to communicate with victims in North America and Europe. Expanding internet access, mobile phone use and digital payment systems further increased opportunities for cyber-enabled fraud. West Africa\u2019s time zone, positioned between the United States and Europe, also made real-time communication with foreign victims easier than in many other parts of the world (Button et al. 2024).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">By the 1990s and 2000s, cheaper computers, internet caf\u00e9s, public libraries and globally accessible email platforms allowed online fraud to expand rapidly. The widespread use of Yahoo email accounts by early fraudsters gave rise to the label \u201cYahoo Boys\u201d, which became shorthand for young men involved in internet fraud, especially in Nigeria. Over time, however, the term came to describe not only a type of scammer, but also a wider social world of aspiration and illicit entrepreneurship. In popular culture, the figure of the Yahoo Boy became associated with fast money, conspicuous consumption and the pursuit of status in contexts where legitimate pathways to employment and social mobility were often blocked.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The sector has also become more organised and professionalised. The past decade has seen the emergence of so-called \u201chustle kingdoms\u201d: informal or semi-organised cybercrime training \u2018schools\u2019 where more experienced scammers teach newer recruits how to carry out online scams, providing practical training, scripts, technical advice, mentoring and access to networks, lowering the barriers to entry for young people who may not have advanced technical skills (Lazarus &amp; Soares 2024). Confraternities have also played an important role in parts of this cybercrime economy. Groups such as Black Axe began as Nigerian university-based brotherhoods whose original purpose was to provide male students with solidarity, identity, mutual support, protection, status and access to influential social networks. Over time, some confraternities have evolved into transnational criminal networks (Lazarus 2025).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Technological change has lowered the barriers to entry even further. Would-be scammers no longer need advanced coding skills to participate in cybercrime. Scam scripts, phishing kits, fake websites, stolen data, ransomware packages, tutorials and laundering services can all be bought through encrypted platforms such as Discord and Telegram. West Africa\u2019s cybercrime economy remains highly diverse. It includes small-scale individuals working alone, loose peer groups, semi-organised training networks, confraternity-linked structures and more sophisticated transnational criminal organisations.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The limits of law enforcement<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The policy response to cybercrime in Africa has intensified for obvious reasons. The FBI estimates more than US$50 billion in losses from BEC scams between 2009 and 2023, while romance fraud remains financially and psychologically devastating for victims (FBI, 2024). One recent study notes that in the US alone romance-fraud losses reached about US$1.3 billion in 2023 (Button et al. 2025).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Police and international agencies have responded with a growing number of crackdowns. In 2024, Operation Serengeti, coordinated by INTERPOL and AFRIPOL across 19 African countries, authorities made 1,006 arrests, identified around 35,000 victims and uncovered nearly US$193 million in associated losses (Associated Press 2024). These operations show that intelligence sharing and coordinated enforcement can disrupt networks, recover money and expose transnational criminal linkages. But they also reveal how limited even major crackdowns remain against the scale of the wider scam economy.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>The development crisis beneath the scam economy<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Part of the reason policing responses to cyber-fraud have limited success is that they are pushing against a much wider set of structural pressures that drive the scam sector.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The first driver is economic precarity. Poverty alone cannot explain the growth of large scam economies: many poor places do not become major centres of cyber-fraud. But combined with the enabling conditions in parts of Western and Southern Africa highlighted above, including good education standards, English-language skills, internet access, proximity to European and North American time zones, and familiarity with Western cultural references, scam work has become a viable livelihood option experiencing severe poverty and facing insecure, unstable, poorly paid and informal work.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nigeria illustrates this wider development crisis. The oil boom of the 1970s had raised expectations of prosperity, social mobility and state-led development, only for these aspirations to be dashed by the debt crisis, austerity and economic decline of the 1980s. The country\u2019s scam economy took root amidst the prolonged economic crisis that followed, which generated unemployment, insecurity and declining confidence in formal routes to advancement. The later spread of the internet then opened new ways to earn from abroad. Nigeria remains heavily dependent on oil, which still accounts for the overwhelming share of exports and a large proportion of government revenue. Yet this revenue structure has not produced broad-based, secure employment. Instead, the economy has repeatedly been shaped by volatility, corruption, debt pressures and vast economic inequality which manifests in conspicuous consumption for a small minority alongside economic hardship for most. Recent labour-market data underline the problem. Only a small minority of workers are in wage employment, while the overwhelming majority are self-employed or working informally. Recent reforms, including fuel subsidy removal and currency devaluation, were intended to stabilise public finances, but they also fuelled inflation and a severe cost-of-living crisis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The second driver is frustrated youth aspiration. Nigeria has a young population, with two-thirds the age of 30. Many young people have some education, digital literacy and strong aspirations for mobility, consumption and social recognition. But there are too few secure jobs to absorb them. The result is a large gap between what young people are encouraged to desire and what the economy allows them realistically to achieve, leaving many to experience am erxtended period of \u2018waithood\u2019. First used in studies of youth transitions in the Middle East and later developed in African studies by Alcinda Honwana (2012), waithood refers to a prolonged period in which young people are no longer children but are unable to achieve socially recognised adulthood. They may be old enough to work, marry, live independently and support relatives, but they cannot secure the stable income, housing or status required to do so. Scam economies thrive in this gap between intensified aspirations and blocked opportunities. Young people are encouraged to be ambitious, entrepreneurial and globally connected, while formal labour markets offer few credible routes to wealth, mobility or recognition. Fraud then becomes, for some, a form of illicit entrepreneurship: a way of pursuing socially valued goals through illegitimate means.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The third driver is a shifting moral economy around scam work. In some communities, cyber-fraud has become not only tolerated but admired. Successful scammers may be seen as smart, resourceful and generous, especially when they redistribute money to family members, friends, churches or local networks. The figure of the scammer can become associated with agency and survival: someone who is \u2018hustling\u2019, \u2018making it\u2019 or refusing to remain poor. Such narratives are reinforced by perceptions of an unfair system. In contexts marked by corruption, inequality and political impunity, some rationalise fraud as a way of navigating a world already structured by deception. Interviews with romance-fraud offenders in Ghana found that some framed fraud as a form of reparative justice for colonial exploitation, a form of \u2018reverse extraction\u2019 whereby wealth taken from Africa can legitimately be reclaimed from predominantly white and Western victims (Lazarus et al. 2026). This rhetoric does not excuse the harm done, but it does show how scammers morally neutralise their actions by recasting theft as historical redress.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Tackling cybercrime as a development challenge<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The rise of cybercrime in West Africa is therefore not simply a story about criminal deviance and innovation, but also about failed development, blocked futures and unequal global integration. This is not to glorify or justify an industry that causes immense harm, but it highlights that responses focused only on policing and moral condemnation will remain inadequate if they ignore the development crisis that underpins the scam economy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">If cyber-fraud draws strength from blocked youth transitions, intense inequality, thin formal employment, corruption and widely shared narratives that legitimate deception, then the response must include credible youth employment pathways, functioning education-to-work transitions, stronger local institutions, and forms of development that reduce exclusion rather than merely managing it as a security threat. If young people are told to be entrepreneurial, self-reliant and globally connected, while the formal economy offers only informal work, unstable income and blocked adulthood, then illicit entrepreneurship will remain one route through which aspirations are pursued.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Current policy responses to the scam industry risk epitomising what Mark Duffield (2007) famously termed the \u2018development-security nexus\u2019. Duffield warns that contemporary development has moved away from a political project concerned with global equality and redistribution, and towards a security project concerned with managing instability among those excluded from global prosperity. Development, in this framing, becomes less about transforming the structures that produce inequality and more about containing the disruptive effects of that inequality. Applied to cybercrime, the danger is clear: African youth become framed primarily as risks to be managed, disciplined or surveilled, rather than as citizens whose exclusion from meaningful economic futures is itself part of the problem.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The challenge, then, is not to choose between policing and development. Cybercrime requires both, but enforcement must be embedded within a wider development agenda. Otherwise, cybercrime will be treated as a problem of deviant individuals rather than as a symptom of a global order that connects people without including them equally.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=&#8221;\uc800\uc790 \uc18c\uac1c&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<strong>\ud328\ud2b8\ub9ad \ubbf8\ud55c(Patrick Meehan)(patrick.meehan@manchester.ac.uk)<\/strong>\uc740<br \/>\n\ub9e8\uccb4\uc2a4\ud130\ub300\ud559\uad50 \ud3c9\ud654\u00b7\ubd84\uc7c1\uc5f0\uad6c \uac15\uc0ac\uc774\uba70, \u300c\ubd88\ubc95\uacbd\uc81c, \ubd84\uc7c1, \ubc1c\uc804\u300d \uacfc\ubaa9\uc744 \uac15\uc758\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub7f0\ub358 SOAS \ub300\ud559\uad50\uc5d0\uc11c \uac1c\ubc1c\ud559 \ubc15\uc0ac\ud559\uc704\ub97c \ubc1b\uace0 \ud3ed\ub825, \ubd84\uc7c1, \ubd88\ubc95\uacbd\uc81c, \uac1c\ubc1c \ub4f1\uc744 \uc5f0\uad6c \uc8fc\uc81c\ub85c \uc0bc\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud2b9\ud788 \ubbf8\uc580\ub9c8\uc640 \ub3d9\ub0a8\uc544\uc2dc\uc544\uc758 \uad6d\uacbd\uc9c0\ub300 \ubc0f \ubcc0\uacbd \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0 \ucd08\uc810\uc744 \ub9de\ucd94\uace0 \uc788\uc73c\uba70, \uc774 \uc9c0\uc5ed\uc5d0\uc11c \uac70\uc758 20\ub144\uc5d0 \uac78\uccd0 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \uc218\ud589\ud558\uba70 \uc5ec\ub7ec \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ubc1c\ud45c\ud588\ub2e4. <em>Journal of Peasant Studies <\/em>(2024)\uc758 \u2018\ubd88\ubc95 \ub9c8\uc57d\uc791\ubb3c \uacbd\uc81c(Illicit Drug Crop Economies)\u2019 \ud2b9\uc9d1\ud638\uc640 <em>International Journal of Drug Policy<\/em>(2021)\uc758 \u2018\ub9c8\uc57d, \ubd84\uc7c1, \uac1c\ubc1c(Drugs, Conflict, and Development)\u2019 \ud2b9\uc9d1\ud638\ub97c \uacf5\ub3d9 \ud3b8\uc9d1\ud55c \ubc14 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dr. <\/strong><strong>Patrick Meehan (patrick.meehan@manchester.ac.uk)<br \/>\n<\/strong>is a Lecturer in Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Manchester where he convenes a course on Illicit Economies, Conflict and Development. Patrick Meehan has received his doctorate degree in Development Studies at SOAS University of London. His research addresses issues of violence, conflict, illicit economies and development. His work focuses particularly on Myanmar and the borderland and frontier regions of Southeast Asia, where he has conducted research for almost two decades. He has published widely on these topics, including co-editing two Special Issues on \u2018Illicit Drug Crop Economies\u2019 in the <em>Journal of Peasant Studies<\/em> (2024) and \u2018Drugs, Conflict, and Development\u2019 in the <em>International Journal of Drug Policy<\/em> (2021).[\/vc_column_text][vc_text_separator title=&#8221;\ucc38\uace0\ubb38\ud5cc&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">Amerhauser, K. and Goodwin, A. (2026) <em>A World of Deceit: Mapping the Landscape of the Global Scam Centre Phenomenon<\/em>. Geneva: Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">Associated Press (2024) \u2018Interpol clamps down on cybercrime and arrests over 1,000 suspects in Africa\u2019, <em>AP News<\/em>, 26 November.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">Button, M., Gilmour, P., Hock, B., Jain, T., Jesperson, S., Lazarus, S., Pandey, D. and Sabia, J. (2024) <em>Scoping Study on Fraud Centres: Ghana, India and Nigeria<\/em>. Brighton: Itad.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">Button, M., Lazarus, S., Hock, B., Sabia, J.B., Pandey, D. and Gilmour, P. (2025) \u2018Factors influencing involvement in cyber-frauds in West Africa and the implications for policy\u2019, <em>European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research<\/em>. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10610-025-09649-6\" target=\"_new\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10610-025-09649-6<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; color: #222222; background: white;\">Duffield, Mark.\u00a0<i>Development, security and unending war: governing the world of peoples<\/i>. Polity, 2007.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">FBI (2024). Internet Crime Report 2023. <\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">Honwana, A. (2012) \u2018\u201cWaithood\u201d: Youth transitions and social change\u2019, in <em>Development and Equity: An Interdisciplinary Exploration by Ten Scholars from Africa, Asia and Latin America<\/em>. The Hague: International Institute of Social Studies.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">INTERPOL (2025) <em>INTERPOL Africa Cyberthreat Assessment Report 2025<\/em>. 4th edn. Lyon: INTERPOL.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt; color: #222222; background: white;\">Lazarus, S., &amp; Soares, A. B. (2024). From business centres to Hustle Kingdoms: historical perspectives on innovative models of deviant education.\u00a0<i>International Annals of Criminology<\/i>,\u00a0<i>62<\/i>(3-4), 449-468.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">Lazarus, S. (2025) \u2018Cybercriminal networks and operational dynamics of business email compromise (BEC) scammers: Insights from the \u201cBlack Axe\u201d confraternity\u2019, <em>Deviant Behavior<\/em>, 46(4), pp. 456\u2013480. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639625.2024.2352049\" target=\"_new\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639625.2024.2352049<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span lang=\"EN-GB\" style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">Lazarus, S., Hughes, M., Button, M. and Garba, K.H. (2026) \u2018Fraud as legitimate retribution for colonial injustice: Neutralization techniques in interviews with police and online romance fraud offenders\u2019, <em>Deviant Behavior<\/em>, 47(3), pp. 427\u2013448. <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639625.2024.2446328\" target=\"_new\"><span style=\"font-size: 10.0pt;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639625.2024.2446328<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text]<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\uc774 \uae00\uc740 \uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uac00 \uc804 \uc138\uacc4 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4 \uacbd\uc81c\uc5d0\uc11c \uc810\uc810 \ub354 \uc911\uc694\ud55c \uc5ed\ud560\uc744 \ud558\uac8c \ub41c \ud604\uc0c1\uc744, \ud2b9\ud788 \uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\uc758 \uc0ac\uae30 \uacbd\uc81c\ub97c \uc911\uc2ec\uc73c\ub85c \uac80\ud1a0\ud55c\ub2e4. \uc774 \uae00\uc740 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\uac00 \ud615\uc0ac\uc0ac\ubc95\uc758 \ubb38\uc81c\uc77c \ubfd0 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c \uc2e4\ud328\ud55c \ubc1c\uc804, \ub9c9\ud78c \uccad\ub144 \uc774\ud589, \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1\ud55c \uc138\uacc4\uacbd\uc81c \ud1b5\ud569\uc5d0 \ubfcc\ub9ac\ub97c \ub454 \ubc1c\uc804\uc758 \uacfc\uc81c\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ub418\uc5b4\uc57c \ud55c\ub2e4\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud55c\ub2e4. \ucd08\uae30\uc758 \u201c\ub098\uc774\uc9c0\ub9ac\uc544 \uc655\uc790\u201d \uc120\ubd88 \uc218\uc218\ub8cc \uc0ac\uae30\uc5d0\uc11c \ucd9c\ubc1c\ud574, \uc774 \uae00\uc740 \uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74 \uc0ac\uc774\ubc84\ubc94\uc8c4\uac00 \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 \uc0ac\uae30, \ube44\uc988\ub2c8\uc2a4 \uc774\uba54\uc77c \uce68\ud574, \ubab8\ucea0 \ud53c\uc2f1, \ud53c\uc2f1, \ud22c\uc790 \uc0ac\uae30\ub85c \ud655\uc7a5\ub418\uc5b4 \uc628 \uacfc\uc815\uc744 \ucd94\uc801\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c \ub514\uc9c0\ud138 \uc5f0\uacb0\uc131, \uc601\uc5b4 \ub2a5\ub825, \uad50\uc721, \ucd08\uad6d\uc801 \ub124\ud2b8\uc6cc\ud06c\uac00 \uc11c\uc544\ud504\ub9ac\uce74\ub97c \uc138\uacc4 \uc0ac\uae30 \uc2dc\uc7a5\uc5d0 \ud1b5\ud569\uc2dc\ud0a4\ub294 \ub370 \uc5b4\ub5bb\uac8c \uae30\uc5ec\ud588\ub294\uc9c0\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc900\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \uae30\uc220\ud601\uc2e0\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c \uc774 \ubd80\ubb38\uc758 \uc131\uc7a5\uc744 \uc124\uba85\ud560 \uc218\ub294 \uc5c6\ub2e4\uace0\ub3c4 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud55c\ub2e4. \uacbd\uc81c\uc801 \ubd88\uc548\uc815, \ucde8\uc57d\ud55c \uc77c\uc790\ub9ac \ucc3d\ucd9c, \ube44\uacf5\uc2dd \ub178\ub3d9\uc2dc\uc7a5, \uc88c\uc808\ub41c \uccad\ub144\uc758 \uc5f4\ub9dd, \ubcc0\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ub3c4\ub355\uacbd\uc81c\ub294 \uc77c\ubd80 \uc0ac\ub78c\ub4e4\uc5d0\uac8c \uc0ac\uae30 \ub178\ub3d9\uc774 \uc18c\ub4dd, \uc9c0\uc704, \uc131\uc778\uae30\ub85c \uac00\ub294 \uacbd\ub85c\ucc98\ub7fc \ubcf4\uc774\uac8c \ub9cc\ub4e4\uc5c8\ub2e4. \ub354 \uac15\ub825\ud55c \uce58\uc548\uacfc \uad6d\uc81c \ud611\ub825\uc740 \uc5ec\uc804\ud788 \ud544\uc694\ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc774 \uae00\uc740 \uc2e4\uc5c5, \ubd88\ud3c9\ub4f1, \ud569\ubc95\uc801 \uacbd\uc81c \uae30\ud68c\ub85c\ubd80\ud130\uc758 \ubc30\uc81c\ub97c \ub2e4\ub8e8\ub294 \ub354 \ub113\uc740 \ubc1c\uc804 \ub300\uc751 \uc18d\uc5d0 \uc9d1\ud589\uc774 \ud3ec\ud568\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\ub294 \ud55c, \ub2e8\uc18d\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \ucda9\ubd84\ud558\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc744 \uac83\uc774\ub77c\uace0 \uacbd\uace0\ud55c\ub2e4.<br \/>\nThis article examines Africa\u2019s growing role in the global cybercrime economy, focusing especially on scam economies in West Africa. It argues that cybercrime should be understood not only as a criminal justice problem, but also as a development challenge rooted in failed development, blocked youth transitions and unequal global integration. Beginning with the early \u201cNigerian prince\u201d advance-fee frauds, the article traces the expansion of West African cybercrime into romance fraud, business email compromise, sextortion, phishing and investment scams. It shows how digital connectivity, English-language skills, education and transnational networks have enabled West Africa\u2019s integration into global scam markets. However, it also argues that technological innovation alone cannot explain the sector\u2019s growth. Economic precarity, weak job creation, informal labour markets, frustrated youth aspirations and shifting moral economies have made scam work appear, for some, as a route to income, status and adulthood. While stronger policing and international cooperation remain necessary, the article warns that enforcement alone will be insufficient unless embedded within wider development responses that address unemployment, inequality and exclusion from legitimate economic opportunities.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11831,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1926,1655,1653],"tags":[1968,1972,1970,1969,1971,1931,1196,1930,1919,457,642],"class_list":["post-11830","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-2026-14","category-diverseasia","category-1653","tag-cybercrime","tag-inequality","tag-nigeria","tag-scams","tag-youth","tag-1931","tag-1196","tag-1930","tag-1919","tag-457","tag-642"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11830","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11830"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11830\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12135,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11830\/revisions\/12135"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11831"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11830"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11830"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/snuacwebzine.snu.ac.kr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11830"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}